Literature: Middle Ages Overview

Sonnets = Features time as a common theme Romeo and Juliet = A romantic comedy with a balcony scene The Age of Enlightenment = Emphasis on scientific reasoning Industrial Revolution = Shift from rural to urban economy

Whigs = Liberal, with commercial interests Tories = Conservative, aligned with rural England Parliament = Gained more power than monarchy King William III = Came to power after the Glorious Revolution

Glorious Revolution = Shifted power to Parliament Industrial Revolution = Increased prosperity through trade Colonial Empire = England's wealth through international trade Age of Reason = Boosted confidence in human intellect

<p>Textiles = A major industry driving economic growth Mining = Provided resources essential for industrialization Steam power = Enabled the creation of trains Middle class = Gained wealth and political power</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sonnets = Two-lined conclusion in English variant Novels = Dominant literary form in the 18th century Poetry = Relied on emotional expression Theatre = Grew in popularity during the 18th century</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Romeo Montague = One of the star-crossed lovers Juliet Capulet = Love interest caught in family feud Balcony scene = Iconic moment of romantic expression Verona = Setting of the tragic love story</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Trade = Basis of prosperity during the Industrial Revolution Machines = Reduced manpower needs in industries Middle class migration = Shifted demographics from rural to urban Slavery = Commodities that contributed to England's wealth</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Battle of Hastings = 1066 Magna Carta = 1215 Hundred Years' War = 1337 – 1453 Black Death = 1347 – 1350</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anglo-Saxon = Christianity established as a foundation Feudal = Three classes: nobility, clergy, peasantry</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Battle of Hastings = End of Anglo-Saxon kingdom Hundred Years' War = Rise of nationalistic identities Magna Carta = Foundation of individual freedom Black Death = Rise in wages due to labor shortage</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ballad = A narrative song or poem Literature = Written works of a particular period Feudal System = Society structured by land and service Anglo-Saxon = Cultural group that inhabited England</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>King John = Signed Magna Carta William the Conqueror = Won the Battle of Hastings Edward the Confessor = Anglo-Saxon king before the conquest Harold II = Anglo-Saxon king during the conquest</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hundred Years' War = Abandonment of English claims to the French throne Black Death = Decreased population leading to economic changes Battle of Hastings = Begins Norman rule in England Magna Carta = Limits on feudal payments to the Crown</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Magna Carta = Great Charter of Freedoms Hundred Years' War = Conflict over control of France Feudal System = Based on land and service Ballad = Verses telling a story</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Middle Ages = Characterized by feudalism Coming of Normans = Shift to French influence Post-Black Death = Labor shortages and wage increases Pre-Magna Carta = Tension between nobility and the crown</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tragedies = Based on classical and French drama Comedies = 'Comedies of manners' about upper class behavior Political satire = 'The Beggar's Opera' by John Gay Sentimental Comedies = Focused on emotional themes and happy endings</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Queen Victoria = Reigned from 1837 to 1901 George Washington = First President of the USA Civil War = Conflict between Union and Confederacy Manifest Destiny = Ideological justification for westward expansion</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Industrial Revolution = Height of technological progress Motherhood = Idealized in a conservative society Children = Not fully integrated into society British Empire = Expansion during the Victorian Age</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Lyrical Ballads = William Wordsworth and Samuel Coleridge The Beggar's Opera = John Gay Frankenstein = Mary Shelley Pride and Prejudice = Jane Austen</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Union (North) = Industrial and manufacturing Confederacy (South) = Agricultural, reliant on slavery Union Territories = Light shades on maps Confederacy Territories = Brown shades on maps</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sentimental Comedies = Emphasized emotional themes Comedies of manners = Satirized upper-class behaviors Political satire = Critiqued political norms Tragedies = Explored serious themes and human suffering</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Great Exhibition (1851) = Showcased industrial power of Great Britain Abolition of Slavery (1861) = Marked the end of legal slavery in USA The Civil War (1861-1865) = Conflict over union and division Publication of The Lyrical Ballads = Started the Romantic Period</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Victorian Age = 1837 - 1901 Romantic Period = 1798 - 1837 Enlightenment = Late 17th to 18th century Georgian Era = 1714 - 1830</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Geoffrey Chaucer = Father of English literature known for 'The Canterbury Tales' William Shakespeare = Playwright who coined the term 'Wars of Roses' Sir Patrick Spens = Example of a traditional ballad Elizabeth I = Patron of the arts during the Renaissance</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ballad = A narrative song that recounts stories passed down orally Quatrain = A stanza of four lines with a specific rhyme scheme Frame story = A narrative technique that provides a structure for other stories Epic = A lengthy narrative detailing heroic deeds and events</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Middle Ages = Characterized by feudalism and illiteracy in the population Renaissance = Marked by an influx of classical ideas and humanism Commonwealth = A time of civil war and republican governance in England Restoration = Refers to the return of Charles II and the monarchy</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Geoffrey Chaucer = 'The Canterbury Tales' William Shakespeare = 'Hamlet' John Milton = 'Paradise Lost' Christopher Marlowe = 'Doctor Faustus'</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Henry VIII = Established the Church of England Elizabeth I = Defeated the Spanish Armada James I = Authorized the King James Bible Charles I = Executed during the English Civil War</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>French culture = Influenced early English literature Italian influence = Inspired English poets during the Renaissance Oral tradition = The way ballads were originally passed down Classical ideas = Central to Renaissance humanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Folk ballads = Anonymous narratives recounting tragic or comic events Romantic ballads = Focused on themes of love and adventure Sonnets = Structured poetic form often used by Shakespeare Chansons = Lyric pieces expressive of emotions and stories</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ghani's leadership = Nonviolent approach 1919-1921 = Ireland's independence 1917-1918 = USA involvement in WWI 1929 = Wall Street Crash</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Early 1920s = Territorial peak of British Empire 1936 abdication crisis = Monarch's role became symbolic Battle of Somme = Major WWI battle Menin Gate = Playing 'Last Post' at 8 pm</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prohibition = Alcohol forbidden Speakeasies = Illegal bars Roaring Twenties = Consumer goods boom Al Capone = American gangster</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Abolition of slavery = 1865 Last state to abolish slavery = Mississippi in 1995 Ku-Klux-Klan = Racial terror Migration to North = Escape from rural South</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Economic crisis resolution = New Deal Return to employment = War industry jobs WWI impact on literature = Changed writing styles Depression end = Military employment</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stream of Consciousness = Character thoughts intertwined Psychological analysis = Deep character exploration Rapid scene changes = Dynamic storytelling Nonlinear plot structure = Disjointed timelines</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Quick dialogues = Fast-paced interaction Sensory impressions = Rich descriptions Unreliable narrators = Questionable truths Lack of punctuation = Streamlined flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>F. Scott Fitzgerald = Chronicler of the Roaring Twenties Roosevelt = New Deal initiator Al Capone = Criminal underworld leader The Last Post = Honoring fallen soldiers</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Focus on the power of nature = Romantic Period Adaptation of the individual to society = Victorian Novels Superiority of emotion over thought = Romantic Period Standard middle-class habits = Victorian Novels</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>William Wordsworth = I Wandered Lonely As A Cloud John Keats = Ode to a Nightingale Percy Bysshe Shelley = Ozymandias Lord Byron = Childe Harold's Pilgrimage</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sir Walter Scott = Imaginary past and heroism Jane Austen = Provincial middle class and marriage Charles Dickens = Critical view of society Charlotte Bronte = Inner struggles and social criticism</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Published in serial form = Wider audience Intended for the middle class = Accessibility Escapism = Briefly getting away from reality Real life situations = Relatable themes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>William Wordsworth = Romantic Period Charles Dickens = Victorian Age Samuel Taylor Coleridge = Romantic Period George Eliot = Victorian Age</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fascination with the exotic = Interest in the unfamiliar Anti-authoritarian = Critique of established norms Great interest in history = Rewriting of the Middle Ages Poetry about innocence = Focus on children’s themes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pride and Prejudice = Jane Austen Ivanhoe = Sir Walter Scott David Copperfield = Charles Dickens Jane Eyre = Charlotte Bronte</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Life as a challenge = Romantic poetry Marriage as a vital topic = Victorian novels Nobility in common people = Romantic literature Critique of society = Victorian novels</p> Signup and view all the answers

Turning point in English history when William the Conqueror defeated Harold II, ending Anglo-Saxon rule and beginning the Norman Conquest.

A system of governance and culture in England before 1066, emphasizing honor, faith, and fraternity.

A social and political system based on land ownership and service, introduced by the Normans after 1066.

A document limiting the power of the English monarch and protecting the rights of the nobility, a foundation for individual liberties.

Series of conflicts between England and France over who should rule France and resulted in English loss of French territories and rise of English national identity.

Bubonic plague outbreak that drastically reduced the European population leading to labor shortages and social unrest.

Germanic tribal values and culture that characterized England from the 5th through the 11th centuries; ended with the Norman Conquest.

A narrative poem that tells a story, often sung.

A series of English civil wars (1455-1485) fought between the House of Lancaster (Red Rose) and the House of York (White Rose) for the throne.

Considered the father of English literature, he wrote Canterbury Tales, a collection of stories.

A collection of stories by Geoffrey Chaucer about a group of pilgrims travelling to Canterbury.

A period of European history (roughly 1500-1688) marked by a renewed interest in classical art and learning.

Influenced by French culture, focusing on genres like Arthur stories and dream visions.

English poets adapted French examples or English traditions.

The Plantagenets ruled England before the Tudors took over in 1485.

A type of poem with 14 lines and a specific rhyme scheme. It often explores themes of love, beauty, and time.

A play that combines elements of romance, tragedy, and comedy. It is not solely a tragedy as it has comedic elements.

This play is so influential that it has inspired countless other works of art, including the musical West Side Story.

A significant event in English history in 1688, where King William III of Orange took the throne, leading to a shift in power.

Two major political parties that emerged in the 18th century in England. Whigs were liberal, favoring commerce and Scotland. Tories were conservative, supporting rural England and Ireland.

The 18th century saw economic growth and prosperity in England due to the Industrial Revolution, which started around 1750.

A period of intellectual and scientific advancement, emphasizing the power of reason and human potential.

England became a strong colonial power, expanding its influence through military might and political strategy, leading to rich trade and economic gains.

A shift in theatrical focus from portraying complete society to specifically depicting the lives and manners of the upper classes. This period also saw women being allowed to perform on stage for the first time.

These comedic plays, popular during the 18th century, satirized the social norms and conventions of the upper classes, often focusing on issues of etiquette and reputation.

Plays that used humor to criticize political figures and events. Due to fear of political unrest, these plays were often censured or faced restrictions. The Licensing Act of 1737 was implemented to control such satire.

Reigning queen of Great Britain from 1837 to 1901, known for her long reign and influence on the Victorian Era. Though she had nine children, Queen Victoria had a strong dislike for pregnancy and children.

The period during Queen Victoria's reign (1837-1901) characterized by immense industrial expansion, social reform, and a focus on traditional values, family, and morality. Though a time of societal progress, it also saw rigid social structures and inequality.

A belief during the 19th century in the United States that it was the nation's divine right to expand westward, bringing American civilization to new territories. This expansion often involved displacement and conflict with Indigenous populations.

A bloody and devastating conflict between the Union (the northern states) and the Confederacy (the southern states). The war stemmed largely from the issue of slavery, with the North against slavery and the South in favor of it.

The legal end of slavery in the United States, a significant turning point in American history and a key outcome of the Civil War.

A literary movement emphasizing emotion, imagination, and nature over reason and logic. It celebrated the Middle Ages and challenged authority.

Romantic poetry often focuses on the power and beauty of nature, celebrates imagination and emotion over logic, and explores themes of childhood, innocence, and history.

Victorian novels reflect the social and cultural changes of the period, often exploring themes of morality, class, and the individual's place in society.

Romantic literature celebrates emotions and imagination, while Victorian literature focuses on social realities and moral issues.

Sir Walter Scott's historical novels depict exciting adventures and emphasize the importance of courage and resilience in the face of challenges.

Victorian novels appealed to a growing middle class, providing escapism, relatable stories, and solutions to real-life problems.

Jane Austen's novels focus on the lives of the provincial middle class, particularly the importance of finding a suitable marriage partner for women.

The British Empire reached its largest territorial extent in the early 1920s.

In 1936, King Edward VIII abdicated the British throne to marry Wallis Simpson, an American divorcee.

In modern Britain, the role of the monarch is primarily symbolic, with real power residing in the government.

Ireland declared itself a republic in 1919, achieving independence in 1921. However, Northern Ireland remained part of the UK.

World War I deeply affected the way people lived and wrote, leading to new literary styles and themes.

The 1920s in the US was a period of economic boom, characterized by new consumer goods, a 'buy now, pay later’ culture, and widespread prosperity.

From 1919 to 1933, alcohol was banned in the United States, leading to the rise of speakeasies and organized crime.

Despite the abolition of slavery in 1865, Black Americans faced ongoing discrimination and segregation, particularly in the South.