Lipids Quiz Series

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Questions and Answers

What characterizes lipids in terms of solvent interaction?

  • Soluble in both water and nonpolar solvents
  • No correct response
  • Soluble in water but insoluble in nonpolar solvents
  • Insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar solvents (correct)

Which of the following is not categorized as a biochemical function classification for lipids?

  • Emulsification lipid
  • Messenger lipid
  • No correct response (correct)
  • Membrane lipid

The saponifiable/nonsaponiable classification system for lipids is based on

  • lipid behaviour in acidic solution
  • lipid behaviour in basic solution (correct)
  • ability of lipids to react eith alcohols
  • no correct response

Which of the following statements concerning it fatty acids is correct?

<p>They are commonly found in a free state in nature. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which of the following pairs of fatty acids are both members of the pair of polyunsaturated fatty acids?

<p>18:2 acid and 18:3 acid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following fatty acids is an omega-6 fatty acid?

<p>CH₃—(CH₂)₄—CH=CH—(CH₂)₅—COOH (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The double bond present in a monounsaturated fatty acid almost always

<p>is in a cis-configuration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which of the following pairs of fatty acids does the first listed acid have a greater water solubility than the second listed acid?

<p>16:0 acid and 18:0 acid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which of the following pairs of fatty acids does the first listed acid have a lower melting point than the second listed acid?

<p>18:2 acid and 18:0 acid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a distinguishing characteristic between fats and oils?

<p>Physical state at room temperature (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Unsaturated fatty acid residues are structural components of which substances?

<p>Both fats and oils (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of human body response to dietary fat, which of the following is considered to be “good fat”?

<p>Monounsaturated fats (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Current dietary recommendations for omega fatty acids include a recommended increase in what?

<p>Omega-3 fatty acid intake (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Linolenic acid and linoleic acid, the essential fatty acids, are, respectively,

<p>18:2 and 18:3 fatty acids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

One molecule of a fat or oil, upon complete hydrolysis, produces how many product molecules?

<p>Four (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Unwanted production of trans fats is associated with which of the following types of triacylglycerol reactions?

<p>Hydrogenation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on biological function, phospholipids are classified as

<p>Membrane lipids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following types of lipids contain both ester and amide linkages?

<p>Sphingophospholipids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the molecule sphingosine is correct?

<p>Two hydroxyl groups and one amino group (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When the “head and two tails” structural model is applied to a glycerophospholipid, the two tails are

<p>Both are fatty acid residues (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When the “head and two tails” structural model is applied to a sphingophospholipid, the two tails are

<p>The fatty acid residue and part of the sphingosine molecule (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of the “head and two tails” model for phospholipids

<p>Both tails are hydrophobic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The number of structural building blocks present in a sphingoglycolipid in which a single monosaccharide unit is present is

<p>Three (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following types of linkages are always present in a sphingoglycolipid?

<p>Amide and glycosidic linkage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The biochemical function for the cholesterol present in cell membranes is

<p>Regulate membrane fluidity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The exterior surface positions in a lipid bilayer are occupied by

<p>Hydrophilic entities (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements concerning bile acids is incorrect?

<p>They are insoluble in water. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following membrane transport mechanisms requires both the aid of proteins and the expenditure of cellular energy?

<p>Active transport (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a correct pairing of concepts?

<p>Male sex hormones and androgens (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances is associated with Na+/K+ balance in the human body?

<p>Aldosterone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The metabolic precursor for the production of most eicosanoids is

<p>Arachidonic acid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Aspirin reduces inflammation and fever by inhibiting the formation of which of the following types of messenger lipids?

<p>Prostaglandins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many structural “subunits” are present in the block diagram for a triacylglycerol?

<p>four (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many ester linkages are present in a triacylglycerol molecule?

<p>three (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many different simple triglyceride molecules can be produced that include glycerol, stearic acid, and palmitic acid as part of their structure?

<p>zero (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many different mixed triglyceride molecules can be produced that include glycerol, stearic acid, and palmitic acid as part of their structure?

<p>four (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Triacylglycerol hydrolysis associated with the human digestive process most often produces which of the following?

<p>a monoacylglycerol (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are the expected products when a fat undergoes saponification?

<p>glycerol and fatty acid salts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Unwanted production of trans fats is associated with which of the following types of triacylglycerol reactions?

<p>hydrogenation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The effect of partial hydrogenation of a fat or oil is which of the following?

<p>decrease in the degree of fatty acid unsaturation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the oxidation of fats and oils, which structural part of the molecule is attacked by the oxidizing agent?

<p>carbon–carbon double bonds (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The “steroid nucleus” common to all steroid structures involves a fused-ring system that contains

<p>three 6-membered rings and one 5-membered ring (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following types of membrane lipids has a steroid structure?

<p>cholesterol (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements concerning cholesterol is correct?

<p>An alcohol functional group is present in its structure. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following polarity-based descriptions is correct for the interior of a lipid bilayer?

<p>contains “nonpolar tails” (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements concerning structural characteristics of bile acids is correct?

<p>More hydroxyl groups are present than in cholesterol (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements concerning steroid hormones is correct?

<p>All of them are cholesterol derivatives (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Aspirin reduces inflammation and fever by inhibiting the formation of which of the following types of messenger lipids?

<p>prostaglandins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many structural subunits are present in the "block diagram" for a biological wax?

<p>two (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following functional groups is present in biological waxes?

<p>ester (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The number of carbon chains present in the structures of biological waxes and mineral waxes are, respectively,

<p>2 and 1 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which of the following pairs of lipid types are both members of the pair classified as saponifiable lipids?

<p>triacylglycerols and biological waxes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many "building blocks" are present in the block diagram structure of a nonsaponifiable lipid?

<p>one (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements concerning bond breaking that occurs under saponification conditions is incorrect?

<p>no correct response (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Lipid solubility

Lipids are insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar solvents.

Fatty acid structure

Fatty acids are naturally occurring long-chain carboxylic acids.

Unsaturated fatty acids

Contain one or more double bonds between carbon atoms.

Saturated fatty acid

No double bonds, tightly packed and solid at room temperature.

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Triacylglycerol structure

A triacylglycerol contains three fatty acids connected to a glycerol molecule via ester linkages.

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Number of ester linkages in a triacylglycerol

A triacylglycerol has three ester linkages.

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Omega-6 fatty acids

Fatty acid in which a double bond is present six carbons from the methyl end of the chain.

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Water solubility and fatty acids

Shorter chain fatty acids are more water soluble than longer chain fatty acids.

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Fat vs. Oil Distinction

The primary difference between fats and oils lies in their physical state at room temperature. Fats are typically solid at room temperature, while oils are liquid.

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Triglyceride hydrolysis product

Complete hydrolysis of a triacylglycerol generates three fatty acid molecules and one glycerol molecule.

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Good vs. Bad Fats

Monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats are generally considered “good fats” in a human diet, while saturated fats are often labeled as “bad fats.”

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Triacylglycerol Saponification

Saponification of a triacylglycerol involves reacting it with a strong base, leading to the formation of glycerol and salts of fatty acids (soaps).

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Trans Fat Formation

The process of partial hydrogenation of fats or oils can lead to the unwanted formation of trans fats.

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Fat Oxidation

The oxidation of fats or oils primarily targets the carbon-carbon double bonds present within the fatty acid chains.

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Phospholipids by function

Phospholipids are classified as "membrane lipids" due to their role in forming cell membranes.

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Lipid linkages

Sphingophospholipids contain both ester and amide linkages. The ester linkages connect fatty acids to the glycerol backbone, while the amide linkage connects the fatty acid to sphingosine.

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Sphingosine features

Sphingosine, a component of sphingolipids, has two hydroxyl groups and one amino group.

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Glycerophospholipid tails

In the 'head and two tails' model of a glycerophospholipid, the two tails are both fatty acid residues.

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Sphingophospholipid tails

In the 'head and two tails' model of a sphingophospholipid, one tail is a fatty acid residue and the other is part of the sphingosine molecule.

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Phospholipid tail properties

Both tails of a phospholipid are hydrophobic, meaning they repel water. This property allows them to form the lipid bilayer of cell membranes.

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Sphingoglycolipid building blocks

A sphingoglycolipid containing a single monosaccharide unit has three building blocks: sphingosine, a fatty acid, and a monosaccharide.

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Sphingoglycolipid linkages

Sphingoglycolipids always contain an amide linkage and a glycosidic linkage.

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Lipid Bilayer Structure

A lipid bilayer is composed of two layers of phospholipid molecules arranged with their hydrophilic heads facing the aqueous environment and their hydrophobic tails facing inwards.

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Exterior of Lipid Bilayer

The outer surface of a lipid bilayer is composed of hydrophilic entities, such as the polar heads of phospholipids.

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Interior of Lipid Bilayer

The interior of a lipid bilayer is composed of hydrophobic entities, such as the nonpolar tails of phospholipids.

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Cholesterol's Role in Membranes

Cholesterol helps regulate membrane fluidity by preventing the phospholipid tails from packing too tightly together at low temperatures and reducing fluidity at high temperatures.

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Active Transport

A type of membrane transport that requires both the aid of proteins and the expenditure of cellular energy to move molecules across the membrane against their concentration gradient.

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Bile Acids: Emulsifying Agents

Bile acids, which are cholesterol derivatives, act as emulsifying agents, breaking down large fat globules into smaller droplets to increase their surface area for enzymatic digestion.

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Steroid Hormones: Cholesterol Derivatives

All steroid hormones are derived from cholesterol.

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Na+/K+ Balance: Aldosterone

Aldosterone, a steroid hormone, helps regulate the balance of sodium and potassium ions in the body.

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Study Notes

Lipids - Quiz 1

  • A lipid is any biomolecule that is insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar solvents
  • Lipids are not classified as messengers
  • Saponifiable/nonsaponifiable classification of lipids is based on their ability to react with alcohols in basic solution

Lipids - Quiz 2

  • Fatty acids are naturally occurring, typically found in the free state, but most frequently contain an even number of carbon atoms
  • 18:1 acid and 18:2 acid are not polyunsaturated fatty acids
  • 18:2 acid is an omega-6 fatty acid
  • The double bond in a monounsaturated fatty acid is typically in the cis configuration and involves the second carbon from the carboxyl end of the carbon chain
  • 18:0 acid has greater water solubility than 14:0 acid

Lipids - Quiz 3

  • Complete hydrolysis of a fat or oil produces three product molecules
  • Triacylglycerol hydrolysis is associated with the digestive process and often produces monoacylglycerol
  • Products of saponification are glycerol and fatty acid salts
  • Partial hydrogenation of a fat or oil decreases the degree of fatty acid unsaturation and decreases the melting point.

Lipids - Quiz 4

  • There are three structural subunits in a triacylglycerol
  • There are three ester linkages in a triacylglycerol molecule
  • There is only one simple triglyceride molecule containing glycerol, stearic acid, and palmitic acid
  • There are three mixed triglyceride molecules containing glycerol, stearic acid, and palmitic acid
  • The physical state at room temperature distinguishes fats and oils, fats are typically solid, and oils are typically liquid.
  • Unsaturated fatty acids are components of both fats and oils

Lipids - Quiz 5

  • Monounsaturated fats are considered "good fats."

Lipids - Quiz 6

  • One molecule of fat or oil produces three molecules when hydrolyzed completely
  • Triacylglycerol hydrolysis in the digestive process usually yields a monoacylglycerol
  • Saponification of fat produces glycerol and fatty acid salts
  • Hydrogenation of fat increases the degree of fatty acid unsaturation and decreases the melting point

Lipids - Quiz 7

  • Phospholipids are classified as membrane lipids
  • Sphingophospholipids contain both ester and amide linkages
  • Sphingosine has two hydroxyl groups and one amino group
  • In glycerophospholipids, the tails are fatty acid residues
  • In sphingophospholipids, the tails are a fatty acid residue and a part of the sphingosine molecule
  • Both tails of a phospholipid are hydrophobic; neither tails are hydrophilic
  • The attacking part of oxygen radicals in the oxidation of fats and oils includes carbon-carbon double bonds

Lipids - Quiz 8

  • A sphingoglycolipid has two building blocks that include an amide linkage and a glycosidic linkage
  • There are three structural building blocks in a single sphingoglycolipid
  • Steroid nucleus involves four 6-membered rings

Lipids - Quiz 9

  • Steroid structures have a fused ring system which contains three 6-membered rings and one 5-membered ring
  • Cholesterol is a steroid structure
  • A steroid structure is present in cholesterol (alcohol present) and is considered part of the human body's lipoprotein HDL distribution cholesterol

Lipids - Quiz 10

  • The exterior surface of a lipid bilayer is occupied by hydrophilic entities

Lipids - Quiz 11

  • Bile acids are cholesterol derivatives that are emulsifying agents and are not soluble in water
  • Bile acids have more hydroxyl groups than cholesterol

Lipids - Quiz 12

  • All steroid hormones are cholesterol derivatives
  • Female sex hormones like estrogens and progestins are related to pregnancy
  • Male sex hormones such as androgens include testosterone

Lipids - Quiz 13

  • Arachidonic acid is the precursor of the production of most eicosanoids
  • Aspirin reduces inflammation and fever by inhibiting the formation of prostaglandins
  • The structural part of eicosanoids is cyclopentane
  • Biological waxes have two carbon chains

Lipids - Quiz 14

  • Two examples of saponifiable lipids are triacylglycerols and glycerophospholipids
  • A nonsaponifiable lipid contains one structural building block
  • Ester linkages break under saponification conditions

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