Lipids Quiz Based on Bloor's Criteria
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Questions and Answers

What is NOT a characteristic of lipids according to Bloor's criteria?

  • Soluble in water (correct)
  • Relationship to fatty acids
  • Soluble in organic solvents
  • Utilization by living organisms

Which property allows lipids to act as electrical insulators in myelinated nerves?

  • High solubility in water
  • Combination with proteins
  • Nonpolar nature of lipids (correct)
  • Presence of fatty acids

What type of dietary fatty acids is believed to have beneficial effects for chronic diseases?

  • Saturated fatty acids
  • Trans fatty acids
  • Short chain saturated fatty acids
  • Long chain ω3 fatty acids (correct)

Which lipids are known to have storage and insulation functions within the body?

<p>Fats (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about lipids is incorrect?

<p>Lipids are uniformly soluble in water. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do lipids contribute to nutrition and health?

<p>By containing essential fatty acids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary property of fatty acids?

<p>Long chain hydrocarbons (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact does dietary supplementation with ω3 fatty acids have?

<p>It benefits chronic diseases. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of fatty acids contain branches in their carbon chain?

<p>Branched-chain fatty acids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cyclic fatty acid has been used historically for the treatment of leprosy?

<p>Chaulmoogric acid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the virulence factor isolated from Mycobacterium tuberculosis?

<p>Trehalose-6-6’-dimycolate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are unsaturated fatty acids that contain double bonds named?

<p>With the suffix '-enoic' (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What nomenclature system gives priority to the carboxyl group in fatty acids?

<p>1-2-3 system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of fatty acid is derived from eicosapolyenoic fatty acids?

<p>Eicosanoids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the suffix used for saturated fatty acids with the same number of carbon atoms as the hydrocarbon?

<p>-anoic (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about branched-chain fatty acids is incorrect?

<p>They are only found in animal lipids. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of fatty acid cannot be synthesized in the body?

<p>Essential fatty acids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond is present in unsaturated fatty acids?

<p>One or more double bonds (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following fatty acids is classified as polyunsaturated?

<p>Linoleic acid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are saturated fatty acids categorized based on carbon chain length?

<p>Lower and higher fatty acids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of fatty acids?

<p>They are mostly aliphatic and monocarboxylic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is correctly classified as a monounsaturated fatty acid?

<p>Oleic acid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of double bonds does linolenic acid contain?

<p>Three double bonds (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which fatty acid is considered essential due to its necessity in the diet?

<p>Linoleic acid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the delta (Δ) numbering system indicate in the designation of unsaturated fatty acids?

<p>The position of the double bond from the carboxyl carbon (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about geometric isomers is true?

<p>Trans forms have a higher boiling point than cis forms. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes positional isomers of fatty acids from geometric isomers?

<p>Positional isomers vary in location of double bonds. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following fatty acids is classified as nonessential?

<p>Palmitoleic acid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many positional isomers can oleic acid potentially have?

<p>15 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of fatty acids can be derived from glucose oxidation?

<p>Saturated fatty acids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the omega (ω) system, what does ω7 indicate about a fatty acid?

<p>The double bond is located on the seventh carbon from the ω-carbon. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about fatty acids is false?

<p>Saturated fatty acids cannot be synthesized in the body. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines essential fatty acids?

<p>Fatty acids that must be obtained from the diet due to the body's inability to synthesize them. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of eicosanoids?

<p>They have hormone-like functions and act on adjacent cells or the cell of origin. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which fatty acids are classified as polyunsaturated and essential?

<p>Linoleic acid and arachidonic acid. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Phrynoderma is primarily associated with deficiencies in which nutrients?

<p>Vitamin A and essential fatty acids. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a source of essential fatty acids?

<p>Red meat and chicken skin. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the roles of essential fatty acids in the human body?

<p>To enhance the synthesis of cholesterol and phospholipids. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is NOT classified under prostanoids?

<p>Leukotrienes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Regular consumption of essential fatty acids can protect against which condition?

<p>Atherosclerosis and fatty liver. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What are Lipids?

Lipids are a diverse group of compounds including fats, oils, steroids, waxes, and related compounds. They are classified more by their physical properties (like insolubility in water) than by their chemical structures.

Why are lipids important in our diet?

Lipids are essential components of our diet because they provide a rich source of energy. They also carry vital nutrients such as essential fatty acids and fat-soluble vitamins.

What are the health benefits of some lipids?

Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids, found in certain lipids, are believed to offer health benefits. They may help reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease, inflammation, and even dementia.

Where are lipids stored in the body and what is their function there?

Our bodies store excess energy as fat in adipose tissue. Adipose tissue also provides insulation, helping to maintain body temperature.

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What is the role of lipids in the nervous system?

Lipids, being non-polar, can act as electrical insulators in the nervous system. This allows rapid transmission of nerve impulses along myelinated nerves.

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How are lipids transported in the blood?

Lipids are transported in the blood as lipoproteins, which are complexes of lipids and proteins.

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Why is understanding lipid biochemistry important for human health?

Understanding lipid biochemistry is crucial for understanding conditions related to energy metabolism, such as obesity and diabetes, as well as cardiovascular health problems like atherosclerosis.

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What are Bloor’s criteria for identifying lipids?

According to Bloor's criteria, lipids must fulfill the criteria of insolubility in water, solubility in organic solvents, relation to fatty acids and utilization by organisms.

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Essential Fatty Acids

Fatty acids that cannot be synthesized by the body and must be obtained from the diet.

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Nonessential Fatty Acids

Fatty acids that can be synthesized by the body.

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Saturated Fatty Acids

Fatty acids without any double bonds in their carbon chain.

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Unsaturated Fatty Acids

Fatty acids with one or more double bonds in their carbon chain.

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Monounsaturated Fatty Acids

Unsaturated fatty acids with only one double bond.

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Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids

Unsaturated fatty acids with two or more double bonds.

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Three Essential Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids

Linoleic acid, linolenic acid, and arachidonic acid - all polyunsaturated fatty acids that the body cannot synthesize and must be obtained from the diet.

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Carboxyl Group

The -COOH group found at the end of a fatty acid chain.

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What are branched-chain fatty acids?

Fatty acids with branched carbon chains can be found in both animal and plant lipids. They are particularly notable in sebaceous glands, where they contribute to the production of sebum, and in butter, where phytanic acid, an even branched-chain fatty acid, can be found.

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What is the "cord factor" and where is it found?

A virulent strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis contains a "cord factor" which is a trehalose-6-6'-dimycolate. While present in extremely small amounts on the bacterial surface, this factor is believed to be responsible for the bacteria's virulence.

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What are cyclic fatty acids and where are they found?

Fatty acids with a cyclic group, such as chaulmoogric acid and hydnocarpic acid, have been historically used for the treatment of leprosy.

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What are Eicosanoids?

Eicosanoids are a class of biologically active lipids derived from eicosapolyenoic fatty acids. They play a role in a wide range of physiological and pathological processes, including inflammation, pain, and blood clotting.

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What is the systemic nomenclature for fatty acids?

The most commonly used nomenclature for fatty acids refers to them by the same name as the corresponding hydrocarbon chain with the same number of carbon atoms. The ending "e" is replaced with "oic." Saturated fatty acids end in "anoic" (e.g., octanoic acid), while unsaturated fatty acids end in "enoic" (e.g., octadecenoic acid).

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How can fatty acids be numbered starting from the carboxyl group?

Starting from the carboxyl group, fatty acids can be numbered using the 1, 2, 3 system, with the carbon of the carboxyl group being given the number 1, or the α, β system, where the 1st carbon following the carboxyl group is α. Alternatively, the terminal methyl group (ω carbon) is given the number ω1, and numbering proceeds toward the carboxyl group.

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What is the 'omega' carbon in a fatty acid?

The terminal methyl group of a fatty acid is referred to as the ω carbon, and numbering proceeds towards the carboxyl group.

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How are fatty acids classified based on their structure?

Fatty acids can be defined based on the presence or absence of double bonds in their structure. Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds, while unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds.

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Delta (Δ) numbering system

A system used to number carbon atoms in fatty acid chains, starting from the carboxyl group.

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Omega (ω) numbering system

A system used to number carbon atoms in fatty acid chains, starting from the last carbon atom (methyl group).

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Geometric Isomers

Isomers with the same molecular formula but different spatial arrangements of atoms around a double bond. They can be 'cis' (same side) or 'trans' (opposite side).

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Positional Isomers

Isomers with the same molecular formula but with different locations of double bonds along the carbon chain.

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What are Essential Fatty Acids (EFAs)?

Fatty acids that the body cannot synthesize and must be obtained from the diet. These are essential for normal growth, cell membrane structure, and preventing health issues like atherosclerosis.

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What are Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs)?

These EFAs are characterized by having more than one double bond in their carbon chain. Examples include linoleic, linolenic, and arachidonic acids.

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What are Prostanoids?

Prostaglandins, prostacyclins, and thromboxanes are all examples of prostanoids which are a type of eicosanoid. Their functions are diverse and include regulating inflammation, blood clotting, and blood pressure.

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What is Phrynoderma?

Phrynoderma is a skin condition characterized by scaly, dry skin, loss of hair, and poor wound healing. It is a symptom of vitamin A and essential fatty acid deficiency, often seen in infants on low-fat formula diets.

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Why are Fish Oils Beneficial?

Fish oils, like those from shark liver, are rich sources of ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). These PUFAs are important for brain health, heart health, and reducing inflammation.

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What are Some Sources of EFAs?

Vegetable oils like corn oil, soybean oil, and sunflower oil are good sources of essential fatty acids, which are vital for maintaining healthy cell membranes and normal growth.

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How do EFAs Contribute to Cell Structure?

EFAs contribute to the structure of phospholipids and cholesterol esters. These molecules play essential roles in building cell membranes and transporting fats in the bloodstream.

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Study Notes

Introduction to Lipids

  • Lipids are a diverse group of compounds.
  • They are more closely related by their physical properties than their chemical properties.
  • They are generally insoluble in water.
  • They are soluble in nonpolar solvents like ether, benzene, and chloroform.

Biomedical Importance of Lipids

  • Lipids are essential components of the diet.
  • Fats provide high-energy content.
  • Essential fatty acids, fat-soluble vitamins, and other lipophilic micronutrients are contained in fats of natural foods.
  • Supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids potentially benefits various chronic diseases like cardiovascular disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and dementia.
  • Lipids store in adipose tissue.
  • They act as thermal insulators and are present around certain organs.
  • Nonpolar lipids insulate electrically and support rapid propagation of depolarization waves along myelinated nerves.
  • Lipids travel in the blood with proteins in lipoprotein particles.
  • Lipid biochemistry is critical to understanding numerous biomedical conditions like obesity, diabetes mellitus, and atherosclerosis.

Structure of Lipids (Bloor's Criteria)

  • Lipids are compounds insoluble in water.
  • They dissolve in organic solvents (fat solvents).
  • They relate to fatty acids as esters (actual or potential).
  • Lipids are usable by living organisms.

Structure of Lipids (Chemical Reaction)

  • Lipids are formed through a reaction between an acid and an alcohol to form an ester.
  • This reaction is shown by the following chemical equation: Acid + Alcohol → Ester + Water
  • Lipids can be combined with carbohydrates, proteins, or phosphates.

Fatty Acids

  • Fatty acids are water-insoluble "long-chain hydrocarbons."
  • They are categorized as saturated (no double bonds) or unsaturated (one or more double bonds).
  • Essential fatty acids cannot be synthesized in the body.
  • Nonessential fatty acids can be synthesized by the body.
  • Most fatty acids are aliphatic (not branched).

Classification of Unsaturated Fatty Acids

  • Mono-unsaturated fatty acids contain one double bond.
  • Poly-unsaturated fatty acids have multiple double bonds.
  • Important polyunsaturated fatty acids:
    • Linoleic acid (C18:2n6)
    • Linolenic acid (C18:3n3)
    • Arachidonic acid (C20:4n6)

Fatty Acids, Continued

  • Branched-chain fatty acids: odd/even number of carbon atoms.
  • These are present in animal and plant lipids (e.g., sebum, butter).
  • Some important, branched-chain fatty acids are:
    • Phytanic acid

Clinical Aspect of Fatty Acids

  • Virulent strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis contain a "cord factor" - trehalose-6,6'-dimycolate.
  • This substance is present at low levels on bacterial surfaces and is responsible for virulence in the organism.

Cyclic Fatty Acids

  • Some cyclic fatty acids are found in seeds.
  • Chaulmoogric acid
  • Hydnocarpic acid
  • These acids have been used to treat leprosy for a long time.

Eicosanoids

  • derived from eicosapolyenoic fatty acids (e.g. arachidonic acid).
  • Hormone-like molecules produced by most mammalian cells.
  • Active within the producing cell or adjacent cells.
  • These compounds have a diverse range of physiological and pathological actions.

Components of Eicosanoids

  • Prostanoids: prostaglandins, prostacyclins, thromboxanes.
  • Leukotrienes (LTs).
  • Effects include vasodilation, relaxation of the uterus and intestine (PGE2); vasoconstriction, contraction of the uterus and intestine (PGF2) by prostaglandins..
  • Prostacyclins help inhibit platelet aggregation, thromboxanes causing platelet aggregation.
  • Leukotrienes induce chemotaxis (white blood cell recruitment) and increase vascular permeability.

Alcohols

  • Glycerol, cholesterol, and higher alcohols are associated with lipids.
  • Glycerol is a polyhydric alcohol with three hydroxyl groups.
  • It's colorless, odorless, hygroscopic, and has a sweet taste.
  • It's water-soluble and can combine with a fatty acid to form monoacylglycerol.
  • Glycerol is used in various products such as creams and lotions.
  • Nitroglycerol is a drug that dilates coronary arteries.

Nomenclature of Fatty Acids

  • The systematic naming of fatty acids typically uses the hydrocarbon name with "oic" replacing the final "e."
  • Saturated fatty acids end in "-anoic" (e.g., octanoic acid, or caprylic acid).
  • Unsaturated fatty acids usually end with "-enoic" (e.g., octadecenoic acid, or oleic acid).
  • Delta (Δ) and Omega (ω) systems provide different approaches to detail the position of double bonds along the carbon chain.

Classification of Lipids (Sources and Importance)

  • Vegetable oils (e.g., corn, soybean, safflower) and fish oils (e.g., shark liver) are important sources of dietary fatty acids.
  • They’re important for normal growth.
  • Form components of lipids such as phospholipids and cholesterol esters.
  • Lipids support fluidity in membrane structures.
  • Essential for protecting against atherosclerosis and fatty liver.

Phrynoderma

  • A skin condition characterized by horny eruptions (especially on limbs, back, buttocks), scaly skin, eczema, hair loss and poor wound healing.
  • Often associated with deficiencies in vitamin A and essential fatty acids.
  • Commonly found in infants receiving formula diets low in fats and those on intravenous nutrition deficient in essential fatty acids.

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Test your knowledge about the characteristics and functions of lipids based on Bloor's criteria. This quiz covers various aspects of dietary fatty acids, their role in nutrition, and their impact on health. Challenge yourself with questions about storage, insulation, and the properties of fatty acids.

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