Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the general formula for a fatty acid?
What is the general formula for a fatty acid?
Which of the following describes the classification of fixed oils based on their ability to absorb oxygen?
Which of the following describes the classification of fixed oils based on their ability to absorb oxygen?
How are fixed oils and fats differentiated?
How are fixed oils and fats differentiated?
What occurs during the hydrogenation of fixed oils?
What occurs during the hydrogenation of fixed oils?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of alcohol leads to the formation of waxes in lipids?
Which type of alcohol leads to the formation of waxes in lipids?
Signup and view all the answers
What is one of the primary therapeutic uses of castor oil?
What is one of the primary therapeutic uses of castor oil?
Signup and view all the answers
Which fatty acid is most dominant in the Turkish variety of olive oil?
Which fatty acid is most dominant in the Turkish variety of olive oil?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a use of fixed oils and fats?
Which of the following is NOT a use of fixed oils and fats?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a significant constituent of castor seeds?
What is a significant constituent of castor seeds?
Signup and view all the answers
What characterizes the commercial use of hydrogenated castor oil?
What characterizes the commercial use of hydrogenated castor oil?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Lipids: Fixed Oils and Waxes
- Lipids are esters formed from long-chain fatty acids and alcohols.
- Fatty acids are long-chain carboxylic acids with 16-20 carbon atoms, they can be saturated (only C-C single bonds) or unsaturated (contain C=C double bonds).
- Fixed oils and fats are triglycerides with glycerol as the alcohol.
- Waxes are formed when a high-molecular-weight alcohol, like cetyl alcohol, combines with a fatty acid.
- Fixed oils are liquids at room temperature, fats are solids/semisolids at room temperature.
- Fixed oils are classified based on their ability to absorb oxygen: Drying oils absorb oxygen readily, semidrying oils absorb oxygen moderately, and nondrying oils do not absorb oxygen.
- Hydrogenation of fixed oils converts unsaturated glycerides to saturated glycerides, making them solid at room temperature.
Uses of Fixed Oils and Fats
- Emollients: for their softening properties.
- Vehicles: used in their natural form or as emulsions to carry other medications.
- Therapeutic agents: like castor oil
- Prostaglandins: important lipid metabolites with physiological and therapeutic effects.
- Soaps: manufactured from sodium and potassium salts of fatty acids.
- Paints and varnishes: used as drying oils.
- Lubricants: used in various industrial applications.
- Food: high caloric value makes them important food sources.
- Parenteral nutrition: used as a source of nutrients in hyperalimentation regimens.
Castor Oil
- Obtained from the seeds of Ricinus communis.
- Contains fixed oil, protein, ricin (toxic), ricinine, and enzymes.
- Used as a stimulant cathartic, plasticizer in flexible collodion, and in manufacturing soaps and lubricants.
Olive Oil
- Obtained from the ripe fruit of Olea europaea.
- Two major types: Turkish and Italian, differ in their fatty acid composition.
- Used as a pharmaceutic aid in soaps and dental preparations.
Coconut Oil
- Obtained from the seed kernels of the coconut palm, Cocos nucifera.
- High in saturated fatty acids like lauric acid and myristic acid.
- Used in soaps, shampoos, and oral combination products for dietary supplements.
Corn Oil
- Obtained from the embryo of Zea mays.
- Contains a mixture of glycerides, with linoleic acid being the most abundant.
- Used as a solvent for injections, edible oil, dietary supplement, and shortening.
Sunflower Oil
- Obtained from the seeds of Helianthus annuus.
- Rich in linoleic and oleic acid.
- Used as a culinary oil and in specialty dietary supplements.
Theobroma Oil (Cocoa Butter)
- Obtained from roasted seeds of Theobroma cacao.
- Contains a mixture of glycerides, primarily oleic, stearic, palmitic, and linoleic acids.
- Used in cocoa syrup and as a suppository base.
Hydrogenated Vegetable Oil
- Refined, bleached, hydrogenated, and deodorized vegetable oil.
- Contains triglycerides of stearic and palmitic acids.
- Used as a tablet lubricant.
Lanolin
- Purified, fat-like substance from sheep wool.
- Rich in cholesterol and isocholesterol.
- Used as a water-absorbable ointment base, ingredient in skin creams and cosmetics.
Anhydrous Lanolin
- Lanolin with less than 0.25% of water.
- More readily absorbed through the skin than other fats.
- Used as a base for topical medication and for its emollient properties.
Fatty Acids
- Obtained by hydrolysis of fats or oils.
- Used in various applications: antifungal preparations, sclerosing agents (Sodium morrhuate), dietary supplements.
Stearic Acid
- Contains a mixture of stearic and palmitic acids.
- Used as an emulsion adjunct and tablet lubricant.
Oleic Acid
- Obtained from edible fats and fixed oils.
- Used as an emulsion adjunct, pharmaceutic vehicle, emollient, and emulsifying agent.
Linoleic and Linolenic Acids
- Polyunsaturated fatty acids.
- Essential for human nutrition.
- Used as dietary supplements.
Waxes
- Esters of long-chain fatty acids and high-molecular-weight primary alcohols.
- Used in pharmaceuticals to harden ointments and cosmetic creams.
Beeswax
- Obtained from honeycomb of bees.
- Used as a stiffening agent and is an ingredient in yellow ointment.
- Also used as a base for cerates and plasters, and in polishes.
Carnauba Wax
- Used in candles, wax varnishes, leather and furniture polishes, as an alternative to beeswax.
Prostaglandins
- C20 lipid metabolites formed from essential unsaturated fatty acids.
- Classified into four main classes: A, B, E, and F.
- Have a cyclopentane ring with two aliphatic side chains.
- Influence smooth muscle contraction/relaxation, gastric secretion, and renal function.
Dinoprost (PGF2α)
- Used for terminating second-trimester pregnancy.
- Stimulates uterine contractions.
Carboprost (15-methyl PGF2α)
- Analog of PGF2α.
- Used for terminating second-trimester pregnancy.
Dinoprostone (PGE2)
- Approved for terminating second-trimester pregnancy.
- Available as a vaginal suppository.
Alprostadil (PGE1)
- Produces vasodilation, inhibits platelet aggregation, and stimulates smooth muscle.
- Used for palliative therapy in neonates with patent ductus arteriosus.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Explore the fascinating world of lipids, focusing on fixed oils and waxes. Learn about the structure of fatty acids, the classification of oils, and their various uses. This quiz covers essential concepts and applications related to triglycerides and their properties.
