Podcast
Questions and Answers
True or false: Micronutrients are needed in larger quantities than macronutrients.
True or false: Micronutrients are needed in larger quantities than macronutrients.
False
True or false: Carbohydrates consist of simple sugars with a general formula of (CH2O)n.
True or false: Carbohydrates consist of simple sugars with a general formula of (CH2O)n.
True
True or false: Monosaccharides are made up of groups of two sugar units joined together.
True or false: Monosaccharides are made up of groups of two sugar units joined together.
False
True or false: Soluble fiber dissolves in water and ferments in the colon.
True or false: Soluble fiber dissolves in water and ferments in the colon.
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True or false: Animals convert glucose into starch for storage in the liver and muscles.
True or false: Animals convert glucose into starch for storage in the liver and muscles.
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True or false: Lipids are a concentrated source of energy and have more energy than carbohydrates.
True or false: Lipids are a concentrated source of energy and have more energy than carbohydrates.
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True or false: All living organisms require food for energy, building materials, and to control chemical reactions in cells.
True or false: All living organisms require food for energy, building materials, and to control chemical reactions in cells.
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True or false: A balanced diet should contain 2/3 carbohydrates, 1/6 protein, 1/6 fat, minerals, vitamins, and water.
True or false: A balanced diet should contain 2/3 carbohydrates, 1/6 protein, 1/6 fat, minerals, vitamins, and water.
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True or false: 1 kcal is equal to 4.2 kJ.
True or false: 1 kcal is equal to 4.2 kJ.
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True or false: 1 kJ is the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1kg of water by 1oC.
True or false: 1 kJ is the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1kg of water by 1oC.
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True or false: 1g of carbohydrate provides 16 kJ of energy.
True or false: 1g of carbohydrate provides 16 kJ of energy.
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True or false: Males need more food than females because they have a higher ratio of muscle to fat.
True or false: Males need more food than females because they have a higher ratio of muscle to fat.
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True or false: Proteins are only found in animal-based foods.
True or false: Proteins are only found in animal-based foods.
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True or false: Lipids play a role in heat insulation in humans.
True or false: Lipids play a role in heat insulation in humans.
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True or false: Phospholipids have a hydrophobic head and a hydrophilic tail.
True or false: Phospholipids have a hydrophobic head and a hydrophilic tail.
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True or false: Non-essential amino acids must be obtained from the diet.
True or false: Non-essential amino acids must be obtained from the diet.
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Deoxyribose is an example of a monosaccharide.
Deoxyribose is an example of a monosaccharide.
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True or false: Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions.
True or false: Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions.
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Phospholipids have three fatty acids.
Phospholipids have three fatty acids.
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True or false: Fat-soluble vitamins are stored in the liver.
True or false: Fat-soluble vitamins are stored in the liver.
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Vitamin A is a water-soluble vitamin.
Vitamin A is a water-soluble vitamin.
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Minerals play a role in the formation of bone.
Minerals play a role in the formation of bone.
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Glucose can form the polysaccharide amylose.
Glucose can form the polysaccharide amylose.
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Carbohydrates and fats both contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Carbohydrates and fats both contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
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True or false: Water is essential for life and a person can survive without it for several months
True or false: Water is essential for life and a person can survive without it for several months
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True or false: Vitamin A is found in citrus fruits and is responsible for the formation of skin and blood vessels
True or false: Vitamin A is found in citrus fruits and is responsible for the formation of skin and blood vessels
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True or false: Vitamin C deficiency can cause scurvy, which is characterized by bleeding gums and hair loss
True or false: Vitamin C deficiency can cause scurvy, which is characterized by bleeding gums and hair loss
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True or false: Calcium deficiency can lead to osteoporosis, a condition characterized by weakened bones
True or false: Calcium deficiency can lead to osteoporosis, a condition characterized by weakened bones
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True or false: Iron is a mineral that is essential for the formation of hemoglobin and its deficiency can cause anemia
True or false: Iron is a mineral that is essential for the formation of hemoglobin and its deficiency can cause anemia
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True or false: Catabolic reactions break down complex molecules into simpler molecules and release energy in the process
True or false: Catabolic reactions break down complex molecules into simpler molecules and release energy in the process
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Study Notes
Nutrition and Food
- Food is essential for energy, growth, and reproduction in all living organisms.
- Requirements include energy for heat and chemical reactions, building materials for cell maintenance, and control of cellular chemical processes.
- A balanced diet: 2/3 carbohydrates, 1/6 protein, 1/6 fat, along with minerals, vitamins, and water.
- Energy value: 1 kcal = 4.2 kJ; composition of macronutrients provides varying energy: carbohydrates (16 kJ/g), proteins (17 kJ/g), fats (38 kJ/g), alcohol (29 kJ/g).
- Daily caloric needs vary by age, activity level, gender, and life stage; recommended allowances: 9600 kJ for girls and 12600 kJ for boys at age 16.
- Cold climates increase energy needs for body temperature maintenance.
Chemical Composition of Food
- Nutrients are categorized into three groups:
- Macronutrients: Needed in large amounts (C, H, N, O, P, S).
- Micronutrients: Required in small amounts (Na, Mg, Cl, K, Ca).
- Trace Elements: Needed in very tiny amounts (Fe, Cu, Zn).
Carbohydrates
- Composed of simple sugars; general formula: (CH2O)n.
- Types:
- Monosaccharides (single units),
- Disaccharides (two units),
- Polysaccharides (many units).
- Functions: Quick energy source, dietary fiber for digestion, energy storage (glycogen in animals, starch in plants), and structural components (cellulose in plants).
Lipids
- Basic unit: triglycerides (1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids).
- Forms:
- Fats (solid, saturated) linked to high cholesterol and health risks.
- Oils (liquid, unsaturated) generally healthier.
- Functions: Concentrated energy storage, structural role in cell membranes as phospholipids, and protection of organs and insulation.
Proteins
- Comprised of amino acids; 20 different amino acids create unique proteins.
- Types:
- Structural proteins (e.g., collagen, keratin),
- Physiological proteins (e.g., enzymes, hormones).
- Essential amino acids must be obtained from diet; non-essential can be synthesized.
Vitamins
- Required in small amounts for cell function and health; two types:
- Fat-soluble (A, D, E, K) stored in the liver.
- Water-soluble (C, B) not stored, need regular intake.
- Common deficiencies:
- Vitamin A: night blindness.
- Vitamin B complex: beriberi, pellagra.
- Vitamin C: scurvy.
- Vitamin D: rickets, osteomalacia.
Minerals
- absorbed as ions; vital for various body functions.
- Common minerals:
- Calcium (bones, teeth) - deficiency leads to osteoporosis.
- Magnesium (bones, nerve/muscle function) - deficiency leads to weakness.
- Iron (hemoglobin) - deficiency causes anemia.
Importance of Water
- Essential for life, providing solvents for chemical reactions.
- Functions:
- Transport medium for nutrients and waste.
- Major component of body fluids, aiding in reactions.
- Regulates body temperature through high heat capacity.
Energy Transfer Reactions
- Catabolic reactions break down molecules and release energy (e.g., respiration).
- Anabolic reactions use energy to build complex molecules (e.g., protein synthesis).
- Energy is stored in ATP and transported within cells.
Practical Activities
- Starch test: iodine turns blue-black in the presence of starch.
- Reducing sugar test: Benedict’s solution turns orange/red with glucose.
- Lipid test: fat leaves a permanent translucent stain on brown paper.
- Protein test: Biuret solution changes from blue to purple indicating protein presence.
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