Lipid Metabolism: Module 4.2

Excess energy from carbohydrates and proteins is stored in ______ molecules, which are later mobilized and used as needed.

The primary change that triacylglycerols (TAGs) undergo in the mouth is ______, as chewing breaks down food into smaller particles.

The release of bile from the gallbladder is triggered by ______, leading to the emulsification of TAGs into smaller particles.

[Blank] help in the formation of micelles, tiny spherical droplets that enhance the absorption of fatty acids and monoacylglycerols through intestinal cell membranes.

Inside intestinal cells, fatty acid and monoacylglycerol components are reassembled into ______, which combine with membrane lipids and proteins to form chylomicrons.

[Blank] transport triacylglycerols (TAGs) from intestinal cells to the bloodstream through the lymphatic system.

In the bloodstream, lipoprotein lipases hydrolyze triacylglycerols (TAGs) carried by chylomicrons into ______ and free fatty acids.

[Blank] are specialized cells found in adipose tissue that are responsible for the storage of triacylglycerols (TAGs).

Hormones like epinephrine and ______ trigger the mobilization of triacylglycerols (TAGs) stored in adipose tissue for energy production.

Hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) is activated via ______, which is necessary for the hydrolysis of triacylglycerols (TAGs) into fatty acids and glycerol.

During triacylglycerol mobilization, one molecule of ______ is produced for each triacylglycerol completely hydrolyzed.

Before fatty acids can be oxidized, they must be activated by bonding to ______.

The activated fatty acid molecule, acyl CoA, cannot directly pass through the mitochondrial membrane and requires ______ for transport into the mitochondrial matrix.

The process by which fatty acids are degraded, that involves the repetitive removal of two-carbon units from an acyl CoA molecule is called ______.

In each cycle of the β-oxidation pathway, the fatty acid carbon chain is broken between the alpha and beta carbons by reaction with a coenzyme A molecule in a process called ______.

The presence of two additional enzymes is required to allow the oxidation of unsaturated acids by the β-oxidation pathway; one is that they are cis double bonds rather than trans, therefore they need a ______ that transforms D configuration acids to L configuration acids.

In the fatty acid oxidation and glucose oxidation comparison, the amount of ATP, it is shown a C18 stearic acid molecule produced ______ times as much ATP as a glucose molecule.

The metabolic pathway by which ketone bodies are synthesized from acetyl CoA is known as ______.

In fatty acid synthesis, fatty acids are built up two carbons at a time during synthesis and are broken down two carbons at a time during degradation, in this process a ______ derivative is involved.

[Blank] may undergo further processing via the citric acid cycle (CAC), the electron transport chain (ETC), and oxidative phosphorylation in order to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for cellular demands.