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Lipid Metabolism: Fatty Acid & Triglyceride
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Lipid Metabolism: Fatty Acid & Triglyceride

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@VeritableJadeite

Questions and Answers

What indicates the completion of saponification in lipid metabolism?

  • Miscibility of 1-2 drops of saponified solution in water (correct)
  • Consistency of the solution thickens
  • Color change in the solution
  • Formation of a foam on the surface

    • Which method is NOT mentioned for testing fatty acids?

  • Iodine Absorption Test
  • Translucent Spot Test
  • Solubility Test
  • Titration Method (correct)

    • What is the purpose of adding distilled water to the saponified mixture?

  • To facilitate the separation of fatty acids
  • To reduce the viscosity of the solution (correct)
  • To prepare it for evaporation
  • To dissolve the unsaponifiable portion

    • In the lipid extraction process, what should be done after the saponified solution is heated?

    <p>Remove any insoluble portion that may separate out</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of essential fatty acid deficiency?

    <p>Symptoms related to skin integrity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What biochemical process is indicated by the separation of the unsaponifiable portion in lipid metabolism?

    <p>Saponification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs after heating the saponified solution until the alcohol is driven off?

    <p>The solution is transferred to an evaporating dish</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the next step after dividing the solution into a 20 ml and 30 ml portion?

    <p>Perform further purification steps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the ether-alcohol mixture in the extraction of total lipids?

    <p>To homogenize the brain tissue effectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are hydrophobic solvents like chloroform used for lipid extraction?

    <p>They dissolve fatty acids efficiently due to their hydrophobic nature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the amphipathic nature of fatty acids affect their solubility in solvents?

    <p>It causes them to be more soluble in hydrophobic solvents despite their hydrophilic parts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to long chain fatty acids when added to chloroform?

    <p>They dissolve, becoming soluble in the solvent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it suggested to divide the ether-alcohol extract into two parts?

    <p>To retain one portion for future experiments or analyses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What composition does the ether-alcohol extract consist of after the homogenization process?

    <p>Total lipids extracted from the brain homogenate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of fatty acids is highlighted as important in the extraction process?

    <p>Their amphipathic nature impacting solubility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What demonstrates the prevalence of the hydrophobic state in fatty acids during extraction?

    <p>The inability to extract fatty acids with water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected result when Hubl’s Iodine is applied to CHCl3 with dissolved fatty acid precipitate?

    <p>Formation of a cloudy white solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a test for fatty acids?

    <p>Thermal Decomposition Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of test extracts lipids using a non-polar solvent like chloroform?

    <p>Solubility Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What dietary components are known sources of essential fatty acids?

    <p>Meat, fish, and vegetable oils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What genetic inheritance pattern does CDSP follow?

    <p>Autosomal recessive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result regarding carnitine when primary myopathic carnitine deficiency (CD) occurs?

    <p>Reduced carnitine levels in muscle without liver involvement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment is appropriate for managing CDSP?

    <p>Oral carnitine supplementation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or False: For essential fatty acid deficiency to develop, dietary intake must be very high.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the major manifestations of patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) regarding lipid accumulation in the liver?

    <p>Accumulation of lipids due to impaired carnitine transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of CPT-I deficiency?

    <p>Reduced fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis leading to hypoglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true regarding CPT-II deficiency?

    <p>It affects only skeletal muscle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following fatty acids is classified as omega-3?

    <p>Alpha-Linolenic Acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do sulfonylurea drugs affect fatty acid metabolism?

    <p>They inhibit CPT-I, thereby reducing fatty acid oxidation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does carnitine play in fatty acid transport?

    <p>It facilitates the entry of long-chain fatty acids into the mitochondria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is correct regarding the outer mitochondrial membrane?

    <p>It contains CPT-I that converts fatty acyl-CoA to acylcarnitine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which physiological state is the gluconeogenesis pathway actively utilized?

    <p>During catabolic states like fasting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of triacylglycerols (TAG) in the body?

    <p>To serve as the major energy reserve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the testing of fatty acids, what does the formation of a precipitate indicate?

    <p>Fatty acids are present in the solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition can lead to higher levels of free fatty acids in the plasma?

    <p>Fasting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by low levels of free fatty acids (FFA) in tissues?

    <p>Normal metabolic function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the solubility of fatty acids tested during the analysis?

    <p>Using both water and CHCl3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What other substance should be reserved for testing while performing the fatty acid test?

    <p>Glycerol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential outcome of heating a solution of fatty acids with HCl?

    <p>Precipitation of fatty acids upon cooling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which state do fatty acids exist in the body when they are free?

    <p>As nonesterified forms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Lipids: Fatty Acid and Triacylglycerol Metabolism

    • Fatty acids exist both free (nonesterified) and as fatty acyl esters in triacylglycerols (TAG).
    • Low levels of free fatty acids (FFA) are found in all tissues, with increased levels in plasma during fasting.
    • Fatty acids serve as precursors for hormone-like prostaglandins.
    • TAG stored in white adipose tissue (WAT) is the body's primary energy reserve.

    Extraction of Total Lipids

    • Homogenize 30 g of pig's brain in an ether-alcohol mixture, then filter to obtain lipids.
    • The ether-alcohol extract is divided: two-thirds for testing, one-third reserved.
    • Solubility tests utilize water and chloroform to examine fatty acid behavior, with non-polar solvents effectively extracting long-chain fatty acids.

    Tests for Fatty Acids

    • Solubility: Determines fatty acid solubility in water and non-polar solvents.
    • Translucent Spot Test: Identifies the presence of fats based on lipid solubility characteristics.
    • Iodine Absorption Test: Precipitation occurs upon adding concentrated HCl in boiling solutions, with fatty acids appearing as an oily layer when hot.

    Essential Fatty Acid Deficiency

    • Symptoms include impaired growth, skin issues, and gastrointestinal symptoms.
    • Biochemical explanations involve the body's inability to produce specific fatty acids like omega-3 and omega-6.

    Systemic Carnitine Deficiency

    • Symptoms manifest as muscle weakness, hypoglycemia, and lipid accumulation in tissues.
    • Caused by mutations in the SLC22A5 gene, leading to carnitine transport issues.
    • Treatment typically involves oral carnitine supplementation.

    Carnitine and Fatty Acid Metabolism

    • Carnitine transports long-chain fatty acids into mitochondria for oxidation.
    • Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT-I) converts acyl-CoA into acylcarnitine at the outer mitochondrial membrane.
    • Deficiencies in carnitine lead to reduced fatty acid oxidation and may cause hypoglycemia, especially in inherited conditions affecting liver or skeletal muscle.

    Questions and Answers

    • Important fatty acids to consider are linoleic acid (omega-6) and alpha-linolenic acid (omega-3).
    • Major dietary sources include vegetable oils, meats, fish, and seeds.
    • Symptoms of essential fatty acid deficiency require significant dietary intake.
    • Three tests for fatty acids: Solubility Test, Translucent Spot Test, Iodine Absorption Test.
    • The solubility test validates lipid extraction using non-polar solvents like chloroform.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the metabolism of lipids, specifically focusing on fatty acids and triglycerides. Understand the biochemical pathways involved in saponification and lipid processing. Perfect for students studying biochemistry or nutrition.

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