Lipid Metabolism and Chylomicrons
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Questions and Answers

What is the main function of the liver in terms of clearing the body of toxic waste products?

  • Producing clotting factors and plasma proteins
  • Clearing bilirubin and ammonia from the body (correct)
  • Regulating blood sugar levels
  • Storing glycogen and vitamins

    • What is the primary location of the liver in the body?

  • Right lower quadrant of the abdominal cavity
  • Pelvic region
  • Right upper quadrant of the abdominal cavity (correct)
  • Left upper quadrant of the abdominal cavity

    • What is the breakdown product of heme metabolism from red blood cell's hemoglobin?

  • Bilirubin (correct)
  • Triglycerides
  • Bile
  • Cholesterol

    • What is the name of the test that evaluates the liver's ability to produce clotting factors?

    <p>Prothrombin time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the liver's ability to produce plasma proteins, cholesterol, triglycerides, and lipoproteins?

    <p>Synthetic Function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the test that evaluates the liver's ability to clear bilirubin from the body?

    <p>Serum Bilirubin Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the liver's ability to convert ammonia into urea?

    <p>Not mentioned in the content</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the liver function test that evaluates the liver's ability to produce albumin and globulin?

    <p>Synthetic Function Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of conjugation of bilirubin in liver cells?

    <p>To make it more water-soluble</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the liver in detoxification of ammonia?

    <p>Converts ammonia to urea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the liver's role in the breakdown of heme?

    <p>Breaks down heme from old RBCs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the liver's role in vitamin storage?

    <p>Stores vitamins A, D, E, K, and B12</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to conjugated bilirubin in the liver?

    <p>It is released into the bile and excreted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of elevated conjugated bilirubin levels?

    <p>Obstruction of the bile duct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of elevated unconjugated bilirubin levels?

    <p>Hemolytic anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the liver's role in drug metabolism?

    <p>Breaks down drugs, such as acetaminophen and alcohol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of chylomicrons in lipid metabolism?

    <p>To transport triglycerides from the intestines to the circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component of chylomicrons?

    <p>Triglyceride</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which apolipoprotein is primarily found on the surface of chylomicrons?

    <p>ApoB-48</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of chylomicrons on the appearance of serum?

    <p>Turbid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of fatty acids in the body?

    <p>Diet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of VLDL in lipid metabolism?

    <p>To carry endogenous triglycerides synthesized in the liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component of VLDL?

    <p>Triglyceride</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which apolipoprotein is primarily found on the surface of VLDL?

    <p>ApoB-100</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of HDL in the body?

    <p>Uptaking cholesterol from the cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it necessary to measure HDL-Cholesterol and LDL-Cholesterol in addition to total cholesterol?

    <p>To assess the risk of coronary heart disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the biochemical basis of the Bower's and McComb method for ALP determination?

    <p>Hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl phosphate to para-nitrophenol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase (GGT) production?

    <p>Liver and gallbladder cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the clinical implication of elevated ALP levels?

    <p>Liver damage or cholestasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which HMG CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) reduce the risk of coronary heart disease?

    <p>Lowering total cholesterol and LDL-Cholesterol levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary indication for cholesterol determination in a patient with a family history of lipid disorder?

    <p>Assessing the risk of coronary heart disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the lipoprotein classes and coronary atherosclerosis?

    <p>The four lipoprotein classes show a distinct relationship to coronary atherosclerosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the liver assessed through serum tests?

    <p>Protein synthesis and production of albumin and globulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following liver disorders can be indicated by a decrease in gamma-globulin?

    <p>Alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the Prothrombin Time (PT) test?

    <p>To diagnose bleeding disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended method for separating serum from red blood cells or gel?

    <p>Centrifugation as soon as possible after collection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can cause erroneous test results in certain specimens?

    <p>Fibrin clots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of ensuring complete clot formation prior to centrifugation?

    <p>To prevent erroneous test results</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended anticoagulant for plasma collection?

    <p>Lithium heparin or sodium heparin with or without gel barrier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of liver dysfunction on protein synthesis?

    <p>Decreased production of albumin and globulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Lipid Metabolism

    • Chylomicrons are formed in the intestines and transport triglycerides after a meal.
    • Chylomicrons are composed of 86% triglyceride, 5% cholesterol, 7% phospholipid, and 2% apolipoprotein.
    • They have apoproteins B-48, A-I, C-I, C-II, and C-III on their surface.
    • Fatty acids are the simplest forms of lipids, consisting of chains of C-H bonds terminating with -COOH (carboxylic acid).
    • Most fatty acids are derived from the diet.
    • There are a few types of fatty acids, including unesterified fatty acids.

    Lipoproteins

    • VLDL (Very Low-Density Lipoprotein) carries endogenous triglycerides synthesized in the liver.
    • VLDL molecules are composed of 55% triglycerides, 19% cholesterol, 18% phospholipid, and 8% apolipoprotein.
    • VLDL has apolipoproteins B-100, C-I, C-II, C-III, and E on its surface.

    Liver Function

    • The liver is the largest internal organ in the body, located below the diaphragm in the right upper quadrant of the abdominal cavity.
    • The liver performs four major biochemical functions:
      • Synthetic function: makes plasma proteins, cholesterol, triglycerides, and lipoproteins.
      • Detoxification and excretion: converts blood ammonia to urea, excretes heme waste products, and breaks down drugs.
      • Storage: stores vitamins A, D, E, K, and B12.
      • Transformation: metabolizes carbohydrates, breaks down and synthesizes cholesterol.

    Liver Disease Tests

    • Serum bilirubin test: measures bilirubin levels, which can indicate liver or bile duct problems.
    • Enzymatic methodology: used to measure bilirubin levels.
    • ALP (Alkaline Phosphatase) test: measures ALP levels, which can indicate liver or bone disorders.
    • GGT (Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase) test: measures GGT levels, which can indicate liver or gallbladder disorders.
    • Prothrombin time (PT) test: measures PT, which can indicate bleeding disorders.

    Cholesterol Tests

    • Total cholesterol (TC) test: measures TC levels, which can indicate risk for coronary heart disease.
    • LDL-Cholesterol test: measures LDL-C levels, which can indicate risk for coronary heart disease.
    • HDL-Cholesterol test: measures HDL-C levels, which can indicate risk for coronary heart disease.
    • Indications for cholesterol determination: family history of lipid disorder, screening, and risk assessment.

    Blood Sample Collection

    • Serum: use serum collected by standard venipuncture techniques into glass or plastic tubes with or without gel barriers.
    • Plasma: use plasma collected by standard venipuncture techniques into glass or plastic tubes with acceptable anticoagulants.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the process of lipid metabolism, focusing on chylomicrons, fatty acids, and their role in the transportation of triglycerides. It also explores the characteristics of chylomicrons in serum and plasma.

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