Lipid Chemistry Lecture 3 - Derived Lipids

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of cholesterol in the body?

  • It acts as a precursor for all steroid hormones. (correct)
  • It aids in the digestion of carbohydrates.
  • It is a signaling molecule for cell division.
  • It serves as a source of energy.

Which of the following compounds can be classified as derived lipids?

  • Glycerol and glucose
  • Phospholipids and amino acids
  • Triglycerides and glucose
  • Fatty acids and cholesterol (correct)

Which lipid is the precursor to Vitamin D3?

  • Glycerol
  • Fatty acids
  • Sterols (correct)
  • Triglycerides

What type of steroid is primarily produced by the adrenal cortex?

<p>Glucocorticoids (A), Mineralocorticoids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the structure of a sterol?

<p>They have a steroid nucleus. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common function of bile acids?

<p>To facilitate lipid digestion. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormones are classified as corticosteroids?

<p>Aldosterone and cortisone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between derived lipids and hydrolysis?

<p>Derived lipids are formed from hydrolysis of simple or compound lipids. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which derived lipid is known as a key component of plasma membranes?

<p>Cholesterol (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are steroid hormones classified?

<p>According to their biological function. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of testosterone in males?

<p>It is responsible for maturation and function of male secondary sex organs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone primarily influences the secretion of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex?

<p>Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cells in the ovary are responsible for the production of estrogen?

<p>Follicular cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main action of aldosterone?

<p>It enhances sodium reabsorption in renal tubules. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of vitamin D3 (calcitriol) in the body?

<p>Regulates calcium and phosphorus homeostasis. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which precursor hormone is synthesized by the zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex?

<p>DHEA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following actions is NOT a function of glucocorticoids?

<p>Promoting fat emulsification. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are bile acids primarily synthesized in the body?

<p>Liver (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is directly involved in the implantation of the ovum and maintenance of pregnancy?

<p>Progesterone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What important physiological role do bile salts serve in digestion?

<p>Facilitating fat emulsification. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Derived Lipids Definition

Compounds formed from simple or compound lipids by hydrolysis or related lipid substances, like steroids.

Fatty Acids

A type of derived lipid, crucial components of many lipids.

Glycerol

A derived lipid; a central component of some lipids.

Steroids

Derived lipids with a specific ring structure. Examples include sterols, steroid hormones, and vitamin D.

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Sterols - Structure (e.g. Cholesterol)

A type of steroid with a multi-ring structure, often a key part of cell membranes and the precursor for other steroids.

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Cholesterol

A crucial sterol found in cell membranes and precursor for steroid hormones, vitamin D, and bile acids.

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Steroid Hormones

Derived lipids with diverse functions including sex hormones (estrogen, progesterone, androgens) and corticosteroids (glucocorticoids & mineralocorticoids).

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Sex Hormones

Steroid hormones that control sexual development and function. Examples: Estrogen, Progesterone, Androgens

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Corticosteroids

Steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex. Examples include glucocorticoids (cortisone) and mineralocorticoids (aldosterone).

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Vitamin D function

A derived lipid, necessary for calcium absorption and bone health. Arises from cholesterol.

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Male sex hormone

Testosterone is the main male sex hormone, produced by Leydig cells in the testes.

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Female sex hormones

Estrogen and progesterone are the main female sex hormones, produced primarily by the ovaries.

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Glucocorticoids (Cortisol)

Produced by the adrenal cortex, these hormones primarily affect glucose metabolism and also influence inflammation and immune responses.

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Mineralocorticoids (Aldosterone)

Produced by the adrenal cortex under the influence of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. They regulate salt levels in the body.

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Vitamin D3

A fat-soluble vitamin produced in the skin and activated by the liver and kidneys. Important for calcium and phosphorus homeostasis.

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Bile acids

Synthesized by the liver from cholesterol. Aid in fat digestion and absorption.

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Testosterone production (location)

Leydig cells (interstitial cells) of the testes.

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Estrogen Production (location)

Ovarian follicular cells and adrenal cortex (zona reticularis).

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Glucocorticoids Synthesis (location)

Zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex.

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Mineralocorticoids synthesis (location)

Zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex.

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Study Notes

Lipid Chemistry: Lecture 3 - Derived Lipids

  • Derived lipids are compounds derived from simple and/or compound lipids through hydrolysis or substances related to lipids like steroids.
  • Derived lipids include:
    • Fatty acids
    • Glycerol
    • Steroids
      • Sterols
      • Steroid hormones
      • Vitamin D
      • Bile acids and salts

Sterols: Cholesterol

  • Cholesterol is the precursor of all steroids.
  • All steroids have a steroid nucleus.
  • Cholesterol has a hydroxyl group and a hydrocarbon side chain.

Functions of Cholesterol

  • Major constituent of plasma membranes and plasma lipoproteins.
  • Precursor for other steroids (steroid hormones, vitamin D3, bile acids & salts, sterols).

Steroid Hormones

  • Sex hormones (produced by sex organs and adrenal cortex): Estrogens, progesterone, and androgens.
  • Glucocorticoids (produced by adrenal cortex): Cortisone
  • Mineralocorticoids (produced by adrenal cortex): Aldosterone
  • Both glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids are called corticosteroids.

Male Sex Hormones

  • Testosterone is the major male hormone.
  • Testosterone is produced by the Leydig cells (interstitial cells) of the testes under the influence of LH.
  • DHEA (dehydroepiandrosterone) is produced by the zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex and is a precursor to testosterone.
  • Testosterone is responsible for the maturation and function of male secondary sex organs (virilization).

Female Sex Hormones

  • Estrogen and progesterone are the major female sex hormones.
  • Estrogen is produced by ovarian follicular cells and the adrenal cortex (zona reticularis). Estrogen is responsible for the maturation and function of female secondary sex organs (feminization).
  • Progesterone is produced by the ovaries and placenta during pregnancy. It's responsible for ovulation, implantation of the ovum, and maintenance of pregnancy.

Glucocorticoids (Cortisol)

  • Synthesized by the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex under the influence of ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone).
  • Primarily affect glucose metabolism.
  • Have diverse effects on inflammation, immunity, protein, lipid & carbohydrate metabolism.

Mineralocorticoids (Aldosterone)

  • Synthesized by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex.
  • Controlled by the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS).
  • Increases sodium reabsorption and water retention.
  • Leads to increased potassium excretion.

Vitamin D3

  • Fat-soluble vitamin synthesized in the skin from 7-dehydrocholesterol in response to UV light.
  • Cholecalciferol is activated in the liver and kidneys.
  • Active form is calcitriol (1,25(OH)2D).
  • Essential for calcium and phosphorus homeostasis.

Bile Acids

  • Synthesized in the liver from cholesterol.
  • Hydroxylation process.
  • Conjugated with glycine or taurine, then secreted with bile as their sodium salt.
  • Aid in the digestion and absorption of fats by forming micelles.
  • Aid in fat emulsification.

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