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Questions and Answers
What type of structures can amphipathic lipids form due to the hydrophobic effect?
What type of structures can amphipathic lipids form due to the hydrophobic effect?
What type of lipids provide an anhydrous energy source?
What type of lipids provide an anhydrous energy source?
What type of reactions become favorable when coupled to reactions with large, negative ΔG values?
What type of reactions become favorable when coupled to reactions with large, negative ΔG values?
What can lipids serve as in biochemical processes?
What can lipids serve as in biochemical processes?
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Which type of fatty acids are found as esters or amides in lipid chemistry?
Which type of fatty acids are found as esters or amides in lipid chemistry?
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At what concentration range is the critical micellar concentration (CMC) for fatty acids typically found?
At what concentration range is the critical micellar concentration (CMC) for fatty acids typically found?
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Which type of fatty acids is linolenic acid?
Which type of fatty acids is linolenic acid?
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What is the storage form of fatty acids or cholesterol known as?
What is the storage form of fatty acids or cholesterol known as?
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What do fatty acids lack when stored as neutral lipids?
What do fatty acids lack when stored as neutral lipids?
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Why are fatty acids considered amphipathic?
Why are fatty acids considered amphipathic?
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What do fatty acids esterified to glycerol form?
What do fatty acids esterified to glycerol form?
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What results from micelle formation of fatty acids at higher concentrations in water?
What results from micelle formation of fatty acids at higher concentrations in water?
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What are carboxylic acids and carboxylates known for?
What are carboxylic acids and carboxylates known for?
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What are fatty acids found as when they are not part of an ester or amide?
What are fatty acids found as when they are not part of an ester or amide?
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What are the storage forms of fatty acids or cholesterol called?
What are the storage forms of fatty acids or cholesterol called?
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What do fatty acids form at higher concentrations in water?
What do fatty acids form at higher concentrations in water?
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What is the main reason for saturated fats being solid at room temperature?
What is the main reason for saturated fats being solid at room temperature?
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Which type of fatty acids are commonly found in vegetables and cold-water fish?
Which type of fatty acids are commonly found in vegetables and cold-water fish?
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What can the partial hydrogenation of vegetable oils lead to the formation of?
What can the partial hydrogenation of vegetable oils lead to the formation of?
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Which type of esters contribute to plaque in arteries and are involved in the production of steroid hormones?
Which type of esters contribute to plaque in arteries and are involved in the production of steroid hormones?
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What is the main function of storing retinyl palmitate and vitamin E as esters in the body?
What is the main function of storing retinyl palmitate and vitamin E as esters in the body?
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What is the primary function of waxes such as beeswax and lanolin in organisms?
What is the primary function of waxes such as beeswax and lanolin in organisms?
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Which type of lipids serve as the main structural component of membranes?
Which type of lipids serve as the main structural component of membranes?
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What is the key difference between glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids?
What is the key difference between glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids?
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What roles can phospholipids play in membrane formation and cellular function?
What roles can phospholipids play in membrane formation and cellular function?
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What is the primary reason for unsaturated fats being liquid at room temperature?
What is the primary reason for unsaturated fats being liquid at room temperature?
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What is the result of the formation of trans fatty acids in terms of their properties and health effects?
What is the result of the formation of trans fatty acids in terms of their properties and health effects?
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What is the defining characteristic of phospholipids that makes them amphipathic?
What is the defining characteristic of phospholipids that makes them amphipathic?
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What determines the type of glycerophospholipids?
What determines the type of glycerophospholipids?
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What are phospholipids like phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylserine termed due to their net negative charge?
What are phospholipids like phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylserine termed due to their net negative charge?
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What is the primary function of sphingolipids like sphingomyelin and ceramide?
What is the primary function of sphingolipids like sphingomyelin and ceramide?
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What is the role of soy lecithin, also known as phosphatidylcholine?
What is the role of soy lecithin, also known as phosphatidylcholine?
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What allows phosphatidylcholine to work as an emulsifier?
What allows phosphatidylcholine to work as an emulsifier?
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What are the primary components of cell membranes?
What are the primary components of cell membranes?
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Which lipid composition varies among cell types and organelles?
Which lipid composition varies among cell types and organelles?
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What are some structures that phospholipids can form?
What are some structures that phospholipids can form?
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What is the backbone alcohol in sphingolipids?
What is the backbone alcohol in sphingolipids?
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What are some examples of glycerophospholipids?
What are some examples of glycerophospholipids?
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What are sphingomyelin and ceramide examples of?
What are sphingomyelin and ceramide examples of?
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What has gained attention for its possible involvement in apoptosis regulation and anoikis?
What has gained attention for its possible involvement in apoptosis regulation and anoikis?
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Which type of fatty acids are commonly found as esters or amides in lipid chemistry?
Which type of fatty acids are commonly found as esters or amides in lipid chemistry?
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What is the primary reason for unsaturated fats being liquid at room temperature?
What is the primary reason for unsaturated fats being liquid at room temperature?
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What is the primary function of sphingolipids like sphingomyelin and ceramide?
What is the primary function of sphingolipids like sphingomyelin and ceramide?
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What are the storage forms of fatty acids or cholesterol called?
What are the storage forms of fatty acids or cholesterol called?
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What are carboxylic acids and carboxylates known for?
What are carboxylic acids and carboxylates known for?
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What can the partial hydrogenation of vegetable oils lead to the formation of?
What can the partial hydrogenation of vegetable oils lead to the formation of?
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What is the main reason for saturated fats being solid at room temperature?
What is the main reason for saturated fats being solid at room temperature?
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What determines the type of glycerophospholipids?
What determines the type of glycerophospholipids?
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What results from micelle formation of fatty acids at higher concentrations in water?
What results from micelle formation of fatty acids at higher concentrations in water?
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What can lipids serve as in biochemical processes?
What can lipids serve as in biochemical processes?
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What do fatty acids form at higher concentrations in water?
What do fatty acids form at higher concentrations in water?
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What is the role of soy lecithin, also known as phosphatidylcholine?
What is the role of soy lecithin, also known as phosphatidylcholine?
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Study Notes
Phospholipids and Sphingolipids: Structures and Functions
- Phospholipids can form various structures like micelles, bilayers, and vesicles, depending on head group and acyl chain type.
- Glycerophospholipids consist of two fatty acyl chains and a phosphoalcohol esterified to a glycerol backbone.
- The head group alcohol in glycerophospholipids determines their type, and they include phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine.
- Phospholipids like phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylserine are crucial in signaling cascades and are termed anionic or acidic due to their net negative charge.
- Phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine are the primary components of cell membranes, with varying composition within and between cells and organisms.
- The lipid composition of membranes varies among cell types and organelles, as shown in the composition of three different membranes.
- Sphingolipids, containing similar fatty acids and alcohols as glycerophospholipids, have sphingosine as the backbone alcohol and are involved in apoptosis regulation.
- Sphingomyelin, a major component of the myelin sheath, and ceramide, sphingosine, and sphingosine-1-phosphate are structural examples of sphingophospholipids.
- Sphingolipids have gained attention for their possible involvement in apoptosis regulation and anoikis (programmed cell death).
- Soy lecithin, also known as phosphatidylcholine, is an emulsifier, which is an amphipathic molecule that suspends one type of molecule in another.
- Phosphatidylcholine's structure as an amphipathic molecule allows it to work as an emulsifier, suspending hydrophobic molecules in aqueous solutions.
- Emulsifiers like soy lecithin, or phosphatidylcholine, are crucial in suspending hydrophobic molecules in aqueous solutions.
Fatty Acid Synthesis and Properties Summary
- Fatty acids and ketone bodies share similar synthesis and degradation reactions but have different biochemical pathways and compartmentalization.
- Evolution's outcomes are conserved, and the major enzymes of fatty acid biosynthesis (ACCase and FAS) give insights into the pathway's evolution.
- Different species reveal that genes coding for proteins and enzymes for certain molecules have evolved more recently, addressing needs lacking in simpler species.
- The text provides an overview of main lipid categories: fatty acids, neutral lipids, phospholipids, steroids, bile salts, and eicosanoids.
- Fatty acids are common building blocks of many lipids and are typically unbranched long-chain carboxylic acids with an even number of carbon atoms, often between 12 and 26.
- Fatty acids can be saturated, monounsaturated, or polyunsaturated, with double bonds generally in the cis conformation, and are described using a notation system.
- Fatty acids are characterized by the position of the double bond farthest from the carboxyl group, denoted by ω (omega), and their melting points vary based on length and double bond incorporation.
- The table lists some common fatty acids, their melting points, IUPAC names, and sources, highlighting differences in their properties.
- Fatty acids contain a carboxyl group and act as weak acids, with a pKa of about 4.5, making approximately 99.9% ionized at pH 7.4.
- In the laboratory, fatty acids can be reacted with a strong base to generate a carboxylic acid salt or a carboxylate, increasing their solubility in aqueous solutions.
- The text discusses the structure of oleic acid and major categories of fatty acids, illustrating their long-chain, even-numbered carboxylic acid structure and introducing kinks into the carbon chain with cis double bonds.
- The way fatty acids are synthesized leads to variations in length and double bond incorporation, and their properties are influenced by these structural differences.
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Description
Test your knowledge of lipid structures and functions with these two quizzes. Explore the diverse structures and functions of phospholipids and sphingolipids, as well as the synthesis and properties of fatty acids. Delve into the intricate details of lipid biology and expand your understanding of these crucial molecules.
