Linux Man Pages and Help Resources

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Questions and Answers

Why is understanding how to access help resources considered an essential skill for Linux users?

  • Because it allows users to bypass the need to learn command syntax.
  • Because it grants users root access to the operating system.
  • Because the Linux command line offers a vast array of commands and options, leading to potential complexity and confusion. (correct)
  • Because it is required for passing Linux certification exams.

What are 'man pages' and what is their primary purpose?

  • They are help documents modeled after UNIX, detailing the features and usage of commands. (correct)
  • They are marketing documents created by Linux distributors to promote their products.
  • They are system administration logs that record all user activity on the system.
  • They are configuration files that define the system's hardware settings.

How can a user access the man page for a specific command in Linux?

  • By typing `info [command]` in the terminal.
  • By typing `man [command]` in the terminal. (correct)
  • By typing `[command] --help` in the terminal.
  • By typing `help [command]` in the terminal.

While viewing a man page, which key is used to exit the help document?

<p>Q (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The man command utilizes a 'pager' to display the contents of the man page. Which command is most commonly used as the default pager?

<p><code>less</code> (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a user wants to view available movement commands within a man page, which key should they press?

<p>H (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Man pages are divided into sections. What information does the 'NAME' section provide?

<p>The name of the command and a very brief description. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a typical section found within a man page?

<p>TROUBLESHOOTING (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the ellipsis (...) following [OPTION] in a SYNOPSIS, such as date [OPTION]...+FORMAT, indicate?

<p>One or more of the preceding items (options) may be used. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a man page SYNOPSIS, such as cal [-31jy], what do the square brackets [] signify?

<p>The options within are optional and not required for the command to function. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If you encounter [-u|--utc|--universal] in a command's SYNOPSIS, what does the | character typically imply?

<p>The options are interchangeable, and usually perform the same function, but cannot be used in combination. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which man page section would you consult to find out who created the command and how to report issues?

<p>AUTHOR and REPORTING BUGS (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which section of the man page provides a concise example of how to use the command?

<p>SYNOPSIS (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of man pages, what is the primary function of the DESCRIPTION section?

<p>To provide a detailed explanation of the command's purpose and usage. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which section of a man page would you refer to for a list of related commands and additional resources?

<p>SEE ALSO (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the FILES section in a man page?

<p>To list configuration files associated with the command and their usage. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

After searching for a term within a man page using /term, how do you move to the next occurrence of the term?

<p>Press N (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of categorizing man pages into different sections?

<p>To organize and classify documentation for various types of commands and system components. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ls option, when combined with -l, displays the author of each file?

<p>--author (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the -a or --all option when using the ls command?

<p>It lists all files, including those starting with a dot (.), which are normally hidden. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ls option allows you to display file sizes scaled to a specific unit, such as megabytes?

<p>--block-size=SIZE (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the -b or --escape option do when used with the ls command?

<p>It prints C-style escapes for non-graphic characters in filenames. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of using the -A or --almost-all option with the ls command?

<p>It lists almost all files, excluding implied . and .. entries. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If you're inside the Info environment, which command is used to access the Texinfo manual?

<p><code>mTexinfo RET</code> (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the cat command when used without any specified files?

<p>It copies standard input to standard output. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cat command option is equivalent to the -vET options?

<p><code>--show-all</code> (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the --squeeze-blank option in the cat command?

<p>It replaces multiple blank lines with a single blank line. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the default sorting order of the ls command output?

<p>Alphabetically, based on locale settings. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If standard output is a terminal, how are control characters displayed by default when using ls?

<p>As question marks. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A system administrator needs to quickly check the basic usage of the ls command without consulting the man pages. Which option would be most efficient?

<p><code>ls --help</code> (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by the line highlighted in white within an info document?

<p>The current node's location within the document. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which directories are README files typically located on a Linux system?

<p><code>/usr/share/doc</code> and <code>/usr/doc</code> (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the info documentation, what is the purpose of the 'Menu' section?

<p>To provide a table of contents with hyperlinks to different nodes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of information do README files typically contain?

<p>Instructions for setting up complex software services. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

While navigating the info pages, what key would you press to go back to the start of the parent node?

<p>U (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A user wants to display tab characters in a file as ^I using the cat command. Which option should they use?

<p><code>cat --show-tabs file.txt</code> (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key is used to return to the previously viewed location within the info documentation?

<p>L (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A user named Alice is trying to understand how to configure a newly installed web server. Which directory is most likely to contain relevant documentation?

<p>/usr/share/doc (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can you access a list of movement commands within the info documentation?

<p>Pressing Shift+H. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following commands is most likely to provide information about the version of coreutils installed on a system?

<p><code>coreutils --version</code> (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key to press to close the help screen within info?

<p>L (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a command has man pages in multiple sections, which section does the man command display by default?

<p>The section with the lowest number. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which key is used to quit the info documentation entirely?

<p>Q (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the man -f command?

<p>To list man pages that match a given name and show their section numbers. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do you access the top level of the info documentation to explore available features?

<p>Execute the <code>info</code> command with no arguments. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does setting the LC_ALL environment variable to C accomplish?

<p>Forces <code>ls</code> to sort in ASCII order. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

You want to view the man page for the crontab file (not the crontab command). You know the man page is in section 5. What command would you use?

<p><code>man 5 crontab</code> (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the -f option when using the ls command?

<p>Disables sorting and lists files in directory storage order. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ls option displays the status change timestamp (ctime) instead of the modification time (mtime) in long listing format?

<p>--time=ctime (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which command can be used to locate the executable file for a given command?

<p><code>whereis</code> (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If you are not using the long listing format, what timestamp is used for sorting when using the --sort=time option?

<p>Status change time (ctime) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the number in the first line of a man page (e.g., LS(1)) indicate?

<p>The section of the manual the page belongs to. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which command is equivalent to man -k on most Linux distributions?

<p><code>apropos</code> (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which option, when used with the ls command, causes it to list almost all files in a directory, but without sorting them?

<p>-f (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

You run the command whatis printf and get two results: printf (1) - format and print data and printf (3) - format and print data. What does this indicate?

<p>There is a command and a library call with the same name. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might the whatis command return two different results for the same command name (e.g., ls (1) and ls (lp))?

<p>Different UNIX variants include commands developed in parallel. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If you are unsure of the exact command name but want to find a command to list directory contents, which command would be most helpful?

<p><code>man -k list directory</code> (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a standard section of the Linux man pages?

<p>Configuration Files (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A file named text.txt stores account information. How would you view the manual page associated with the file?

<p>Determine the section number of the manual page, then <code>man [section number] text.txt</code> (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the locate command?

<p>To find any file or directory present in the system's database. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most likely reason you would use a specific section number when using the man command?

<p>To access a man page for a file or command that has the same name as another. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might a newly created file not be found using the locate command immediately after creation?

<p>The <code>locate</code> database is updated nightly, so new files aren't immediately indexed. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of a filename ending in .gz when returned by the whereis command?

<p>It is a compressed man page. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If the sections aren't specified, in what order are the man pages searched?

<p>Numerical order (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which command is used to manually update the locate database?

<p>updatedb (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the -c option when used with the locate command?

<p>It counts the number of matching files instead of listing them. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the -b option modify the behavior of the locate command?

<p>It includes only listings that have the search term in the basename of the filename. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

To search for filenames that exactly match 'myfile' using the locate command, which syntax should be used?

<p>locate -b '\myfile' (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between man pages and info documentation?

<p><code>man</code> pages are independent documents, while <code>info</code> provides a structured, linked resource. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which command is used to access the info documentation for the ls command?

<p>info ls (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What advantage does info documentation provide over man pages in terms of learning?

<p><code>info</code> documentation provides a logical structure and is typically written in a more learning-oriented style. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a user runs locate filename and receives no output, but the file exists, what is the most likely reason?

<p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can a regular user ensure their search results using locate are not limited by file permissions?

<p>Regular users cannot bypass file permission restrictions with <code>locate</code>. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true regarding man pages?

<p>Each man page is a separate document, generally independent of others. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the SEE ALSO section in some man pages?

<p>To refer to other man pages that may be relevant. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most likely output of the command locate -b 'passwd'?

<p>A list of all files and folders where name contains word 'passwd'. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the relationship between info and man documentation?

<p><code>man</code> is designed for quick reference, while <code>info</code> provides a more structured and learning-oriented approach. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Command Line Help

Essential skill for finding information about commands in Linux.

Man Pages

Documentation that describes features and usage of commands in UNIX/Linux.

Viewing Man Pages

Use the 'man' command followed by the command name to see its man page.

Navigation in Man Pages

Use arrow keys to scroll and 'Q' to exit when viewing a man page.

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Pagers

Utilities like 'less' or 'more' used to view man pages.

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Sections in Man Pages

Different areas within man pages providing specific information about commands.

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NAME section in Man Pages

The part of a man page that gives the command's name and a brief description.

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SYNOPSIS section in Man Pages

Describes the command's syntax and options available.

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ls command

Lists directory contents in Unix-based systems.

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SYNOPSIS in man pages

Section providing examples of how to use commands.

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Square brackets [ ] in SYNOPSIS

Indicate optional features in command syntax.

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Ellipsis ... in command syntax

Indicates that more than one option can be included.

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-u option

Stands for universal time in the date command.

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-a option in ls

Includes entries starting with a dot in the listing.

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DESCRIPTION section

Gives detailed information about the command's functionality.

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OPTIONS section

Lists optional flags that modify command behavior.

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FILES in man pages

Lists files related to the command and their uses.

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AUTHOR section

Names the individual(s) who created the man page.

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REPORTING BUGS section

Instructions on how to report issues with the command.

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COPYRIGHT section

Basic copyright and licensing information for the command.

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Searching man pages

Type / followed by a term to find and highlight in man pages.

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SEE ALSO section

Guides readers to find additional relevant information.

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locate command

A command used to find files and directories by searching a database.

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locate database

A database containing all files and directories known at the time of its last update.

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updatedb command

The command that updates the locate database with current files.

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file permissions

Settings that control user access to files and directories.

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basename

The name of a file without its directory path.

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-c option in locate

An option that counts how many files match the search term without listing them.

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-b option in locate

An option that limits results to include only files with the term in their basename.

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exact match in locate

Use a backslash before the search term to find files matching exactly.

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info command

A command that displays organized documentation for commands and features in Linux.

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info documentation

Documentation system that categorizes information and includes hyperlinks for easy navigation.

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man vs info

Man pages are standalone documents; info provides a linked, structured resource.

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navigating info

Use arrow keys to move through info documentation and find information easily.

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info ls

Displays the documentation and usage information for the ls command.

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non-option arguments

Arguments passed to commands that are not options; usually files or directories.

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man command

A command used to display the manual pages for a specific command.

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General Commands section

The first section containing standard commands like ls, cp, and mv.

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Section number

A numeric value indicating which part of the man pages the command belongs to, like (1) for commands.

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-f option in man

Command option to search for man pages by name and show section numbers.

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whatis command

Command that shows what section a man page is stored in, similar to man -f.

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Whereis command

Used to locate commands and their associated man pages in specified directories.

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Multiple man pages

Exist for commands with the same name but in different sections (e.g., passwd in (1) and (5)).

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man -k option

Searches through man pages by name and description for a keyword.

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apropos command

Similar to man -k, it searches man pages for a keyword.

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Echo command output

The result returned by a command, often showing what each option does.

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Compressed man pages

Man pages are often stored in .gz format indicating they are compressed.

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User commands section

Refers to commands like passwd that regular users can execute; indicated by section (1).

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Find directory command

Command 'ls' lists directory contents; also may have multiple definitions in different sections.

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ls command output

The output of the 'ls' command is sorted alphabetically by default.

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Control characters in ls

Control characters are displayed as question marks in terminal outputs.

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Non-POSIX locale effect

Non-POSIX locales can alter 'ls' output sorting.

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Sorting by ctime

Use '-c' or '--time=ctime' to sort by status change time.

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Basic Info commands

Shift+H reveals Info command keys for navigation.

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Navigating to previous nodes

Use the U key to return to the last viewed node.

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Follow hyperlink in Info

Press RET to follow hypertext links in Info.

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Displaying Info help

Use 'h' to invoke the Info tutorial for guidance.

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File timestamps in ls

'-t' sorts based on file modification time.

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Moving through Info nodes

Use arrow keys or PgUp/PgDn to scroll through info nodes.

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Info command overview

'info' without arguments shows all documentation sections.

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Closing Info documentation

Type 'L' to close the help window in Info.

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Moving through Info documentation

Basic keys help navigate help documentation effectively.

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Collective info nodes

Info documentation is organized in a node-like structure.

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'H' Command

Lists all Info commands available in the system.

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'h' Command

Starts the Info tutorial for new users.

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--help Option

Provides basic usage information for commands quickly without leaving the command line.

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cat Command Usage

Concatenates files and outputs their contents to standard output.

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Common Options for cat

Includes flags such as -A to show all and -n to number output lines.

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Readme Files

Documentation files often found in /usr/share/doc, providing setup information for complex software.

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Documentation Directories

Locations where additional documentation is stored on the system, useful for users and admins.

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Coreutils

Basic file, text, and shell utilities in GNU used for various command line tasks.

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Additional Help Sources

Using man pages and Info documentation alongside other resources for effective help.

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Study Notes

Linux Command Line Help Resources

  • Linux command line tools are powerful but complex, needing good help resources
  • man command is essential for understanding commands

Man Pages

  • UNIX inspired, providing detailed information on commands (manual pages)
  • Show command's purpose, details, and usage.
  • Use the man command followed by the command name (e.g., man ls)
  • Navigate using arrow keys
  • Quit with 'Q' key
  • Often use a pager (like less or more)
  • Type 'H' for help with page navigation within pager

Sections Within Man Pages

  • NAME: Command name and brief description.
  • SYNOPSIS: Examples of command usage (often crucial for understanding).
    • Square brackets [] denote optional arguments.
    • Ellipses ... mean one or more of the preceding items are possible.
    • Vertical bars | (in options) typically indicates mutually exclusive choices.
  • DESCRIPTION: Detailed explanation of the command.
  • OPTIONS: Lists options and their descriptions (often found within DESCRIPTION).
  • FILES: Associated files and their use (often embedded in DESCRIPTION).
  • AUTHOR: Author of the man page.
  • REPORTING BUGS: Instructions on reporting problems.
  • COPYRIGHT: Copyright information
  • SEE ALSO: Related commands and resources.

Searching Man Pages

  • Use / followed by a search term to locate it in the page (highlighted)
  • Use 'n' to find the next match, Shift+'n' for the previous match
  • If not found, it will report "Pattern not found"

Man Pages Categorization

  • Organized into sections (e.g., General Commands, System Calls, etc.)
  • Use man -f (or whatis) to find in different sections.
  • Number in parentheses (e.g., CAL(1)) indicates section (default is 1).
  • Use man followed by the section number and the command to display the man for specific sections.
  • Use man -k (or apropos) to search by keywords across names and descriptions.

Finding Commands and Documentation

  • whereis command: Locates commands, source files, and man pages (shows locations)
  • locate command: Searches a database of files/directories.
  • Requires a pre-built database of the system (typically updated nightly)
  • Can use -c for count and -b for only base names.
  • Use \ before search term to match exact filenames using locate -b

Info Documentation

  • Unified, logically organized documentation.
  • Use the info command followed by the command name (e.g., info ls)
  • Navigates using arrow keys & special keys (hyperlinks)
  • Better organization than man pages, better for learning, good for exploring topics systematically.
  • Use info command without specific command to access the overview.

Additional Help Options

  • Many commands feature --help option (e.g., cat --help).
  • System documentation (Readme files): In usr/share/doc or usr/doc directories for detailed information.

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