Linux Essentials: Package Management
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Questions and Answers

What are the various components covered in the Linux Evolution lessons?

Distributions, Embedded Systems, Linux and the Cloud

Which of the following are major open source applications?

  • Office Applications
  • Web Browsers
  • Server Programs
  • All of the above (correct)

    • In open source software, licenses define the terms of _____________.

    use and distribution

    Linux User Interfaces are not varied.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following concepts with their descriptions:

    <p>Absolute Path = Specifies the exact location in the filesystem Hidden Files = Files starting with a '.' that are not displayed by default Recursion in Bash = A process calling itself until a specified condition is met</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When was Linux development started?

    <p>1991</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which operating system inspired the development of Linux?

    <p>Unix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Linux contains Unix code.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a Linux distribution?

    <p>A bundle that consists of a Linux kernel and a selection of applications maintained by a company or user community.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ubuntu was created by ________ in 2004.

    <p>Mark Shuttleworth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is Debian GNU/Linux different from Ubuntu? Name two aspects.

    <p>Ubuntu is recommended for beginners due to its ease of use, while Debian is recommended for more advanced users. Debian is considered more stable compared to Ubuntu.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the most common environments/platforms Linux is used for? Name three different environments/platforms and name one distribution you can use for each.

    <p>Smartphone (Android), Desktop (Ubuntu), Server (CentOS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    You are planning to install a Linux distribution in a new environment. Name four things that you should consider when choosing a distribution.

    <p>Cost, performance, scalability, hardware demand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name three devices that the Android OS runs on, other than smartphones.

    <p>Smart TVs, Tablet computers, Smartwatches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain three major advantages of cloud computing.

    <p>Flexibility, easy recovery, low cost</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Considering cost and performance, which distributions are mostly suitable for a business aiming to reduce licensing costs while keeping performance high? Explain why.

    <p>CentOS, Ubuntu LTS, Debian GNU/Linux</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the major advantages of the Raspberry Pi and what functions can it perform in a business?

    <p>Low cost, small size, web traffic handling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What range of distributions does Amazon Cloud Services and Google Cloud offer? Name at least three common ones and two different ones.

    <p>Common: Ubuntu, CentOS, Red Hat Enterprise Linux. Different: Debian GNU/Linux, Fedora</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What lesson introduces the topic of searching and extracting data from files?

    <p>Lesson 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is used to search within files in Linux?

    <p>grep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Regular expressions cannot be used for error checking in scripts.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Linux, Users and Groups are managed for security purposes with _______

    <p>Access Control Files</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components with their descriptions:

    <p>Motherboard = Main circuit board for the computer Memory = Storage area where data is temporarily stored IPv4 Networking = Internet Protocol version 4 for network communication Accounts = User profiles used to access the system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the open source version of the StarOffice suite released by Sun Microsystems?

    <p>OpenOffice.org</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following project was named LibreOffice?

    <p>Document Foundation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    LibreOffice is licensed under LGPLv3.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The preferred document format for OpenOffice/LibreOffice is _________.

    <p>Open Document Format</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which two office suites are mentioned in the text as having the same basic features and compatibility with Microsoft Office document formats?

    <p>LibreOffice and Apache OpenOffice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some major open source applications commonly found in Linux distributions?

    <p>OpenOffice.org, LibreOffice, Thunderbird, Firefox, GIMP, Nextcloud, ownCloud, Apache HTTPD, NGINX, MariaDB, MySQL, NFS, Samba, C, Java, JavaScript, Perl, Python, PHP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some package management tools used in Linux distributions?

    <p>dpkg, apt-get, rpm, yum, dnf</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What command is used to search for packages in a DEB-based distribution?

    <p>apt-cache search</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dependencies are auxiliary packages needed by programs in a Linux distribution.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which command could be used to install Blender on Ubuntu?

    <p>apt-get</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What application from the LibreOffice suite can be used to work with electronic spreadsheets?

    <p>Calc</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which open-source web browser is used as the basis for the development of Google Chrome?

    <p>Chromium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following file formats with the corresponding applications for editing:

    <p>png = Gimp doc = LibreOffice Writer xls = LibreOffice Calc ppt = LibreOffice Impress wav = Audacity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which software package allows file sharing between Linux and Windows machines over the local network?

    <p>Samba</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How could you automatically remove the package named 'cups' and its configuration files from a DEB based system?

    <p>apt-get purge cups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which software package could be used to convert TIFF image files to JPEG directly at the command line?

    <p>ImageMagick</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which software package is needed to open Microsoft Word documents sent by a Windows user on Linux?

    <p>LibreOffice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For each of the following commands, identify whether it is associated with the Debian packaging system or the Red Hat packaging system:

    <p>rpm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which command could be used to install Blender on Ubuntu? After installation, how can the program be executed?

    <p>To install Blender on Ubuntu, the command 'sudo apt-get install blender' can be used. After installation, the program can be executed by searching for it in the applications menu or running 'blender' in the terminal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which application from the LibreOffice suite can be used to work with electronic spreadsheets?

    <p>Calc</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which open-source web browser is used as the basis for the development of Google Chrome?

    <p>Chromium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    SVG is an open standard for vector graphics. What is the most popular application for editing SVG files in Linux systems?

    <p>Inkscape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For each of the following file formats, write the name of an application able to open and edit the corresponding file:

    <p>png = GIMP doc = LibreOffice Writer xls = LibreOffice Calc ppt = LibreOffice Impress wav = Audacity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which software package allows file sharing between Linux and Windows machines over the local network?

    <p>Samba</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Topic 1: The Linux Community and a Career in Open Source

    • The Linux community is a diverse group of individuals and organizations working together to develop and promote the Linux operating system.
    • Linux is a popular open-source operating system used in a wide range of applications, from embedded systems to supercomputers.
    • The Linux community provides a supportive environment for developers, users, and businesses to collaborate and share knowledge.
    • Linux has evolved over the years, with new distributions and applications emerging to meet the needs of different users.

    Open Source Applications

    • Open-source software is free to use, modify, and distribute, promoting collaboration and innovation.
    • Software packages are collections of files and metadata that provide a specific functionality.
    • Packages can be installed, updated, and removed using package managers like apt and yum.
    • Popular open-source applications include office software, web browsers, multimedia players, and server programs.

    Open Source Software and Licensing

    • Open-source software is licensed under terms that allow users to modify and redistribute the code.
    • Licenses vary in their restrictions and requirements, such as the GPL, Apache, and MIT licenses.
    • Business models in open-source software include selling support, services, and proprietary extensions.
    • Open-source software is often more secure and stable than proprietary software due to community involvement.

    ICT Skills and Working in Linux

    • Linux user interfaces include command-line interfaces, graphical user interfaces, and desktop environments.
    • Industry uses of Linux include servers, supercomputers, and embedded systems.
    • Privacy issues when using the internet include data collection, tracking, and encryption.
    • Encryption is a method of secure data transmission using algorithms like SSL/TLS.

    Topic 2: Finding Your Way on a Linux System

    • Command-line basics include understanding the command structure, behavior, and quoting.
    • Variables can be used to store and manipulate values in the command line.
    • Command-line tools like man and help provide documentation and guidance.
    • The find command is used to locate files based on various criteria.

    Using the Command Line to Get Help

    • Getting help on the command line involves using tools like man, help, and info.
    • Locating files involves using commands like find, locate, and which.
    • The apropos command searches for manual pages based on keywords.

    Using Directories and Listing Files

    • Files and directories are organized in a hierarchical file system.
    • File and directory names can be absolute or relative, with special characters and wildcards.
    • The cd command is used to navigate the file system, while ls lists files and directories.
    • The pwd command displays the current working directory.

    Creating, Moving, and Deleting Files

    • Creating files and directories involves using commands like touch, mkdir, and cp.
    • Renaming files and directories involves using the mv command.
    • Moving files and directories involves using the mv command with options.
    • Deleting files and directories involves using the rm command with options.

    Topic 3: The Power of the Command Line

    • Archiving files involves using compression tools like gzip, bzip2, and zip.
    • The tar command is used to create and extract archives.
    • I/O redirection involves using symbols like &gt; and &gt;&gt; to redirect output.
    • Command-line pipes involve using the | symbol to chain commands.

    Searching and Extracting Data from Files

    • Searching within files involves using the grep command with regular expressions.
    • Regular expressions are patterns used to match strings in text.
    • The cut command is used to extract specific fields or columns from text files.
    • The sort command is used to sort text files based on specific fields.

    Turning Commands into a Script

    • Turning commands into a script involves using shell scripts with shebang lines.
    • Scripts can be made executable using the chmod command.
    • Scripts can be executed using the ./ notation or by adding the script to the PATH.
    • Variables can be used in scripts to store and manipulate values.
    • Conditional logic involves using if and else statements to control the flow of a script.

    Topic 4: The Linux Operating System

    • Choosing an operating system involves considering factors like hardware compatibility, security, and user interface.
    • Linux distributions vary in their features, user interfaces, and package managers.
    • Non-Linux operating systems include Windows, macOS, and Chrome OS.
    • Understanding computer hardware involves knowing about power supplies, motherboards, memory, processors, storage, and peripherals.

    Understanding Computer Hardware

    • Power supplies provide power to the computer components.
    • Motherboards connect the computer components together.
    • Memory (RAM) is used to store data temporarily.
    • Processors execute instructions and perform calculations.
    • Storage devices include hard drives, solid-state drives, and flash drives.
    • Partitions are used to divide storage devices into separate sections.
    • Peripherals include devices like keyboards, mice, and monitors.
    • Drivers and device files are used to interact with hardware devices.

    Where Data is Stored

    • Programs and their configuration files are stored in specific locations.
    • The Linux kernel is the core of the operating system, managing hardware resources.
    • Data is stored in files, directories, and partitions, with specific permissions and access controls.### Linux Evolution and Popular Operating Systems
    • Linux is one of the most popular operating systems, developed by Linus Torvalds in 1991, inspired by Unix.
    • Unix was developed in the 1970s by AT&T Laboratories for small computers, and Linux was designed to run on the x86 platform.

    Distributions

    • A Linux distribution is a bundle of a Linux kernel and a selection of applications, maintained by a company or user community.
    • Distributions optimize the kernel and applications for a certain use case or user group.
    • Examples of distributions:
      • Debian, Ubuntu (LTS), CentOS, openSUSE, Red Hat, SUSE
      • Linux Mint, Scientific Linux, Raspberry Pi, Raspbian, Android

    Debian Distribution Family

    • Uses the package manager dpkg to manage software.
    • Packages are maintained by voluntary members of the distribution's community.
    • Deb package format specifies how software is installed and configured.

    Red Hat Distribution

    • Developed and maintained by Red Hat, acquired by IBM in 2019.
    • Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) is a reliable enterprise solution, supported by Red Hat, with fee-based subscriptions or licenses.
    • CentOS uses the freely available source code of RHEL, but without commercial support.

    Embedded Systems

    • A combination of computer hardware and software designed to have a specific function within a larger system.
    • Found in automotive, medical, and military applications.
    • Linux kernel-based operating systems are used in embedded systems due to cross-vendor platform compatibility, development, support, and no license fees.

    Android

    • Mainly a mobile operating system developed by Google, based on a modified Linux kernel.
    • Android Open Source Project (AOSP) is freely available, but Google offers proprietary components, including Google Calendar, Google Maps, Google Mail, and the Google Play Store.

    Raspbian and the Raspberry Pi

    • Raspberry Pi is a low-cost, credit-card-sized computer developed by the Raspberry Pi Foundation for educational purposes.
    • Can be used as a full-functionality desktop computer or within an embedded Linux system.
    • Raspbian is a Linux distribution used on the Raspberry Pi, with a set of General Purpose Input-Output (GPIO) pins for attaching electronic devices and extension boards.### Linux Distributions for Raspberry Pi
    • Raspbian is a prominent Linux distribution for Raspberry Pi, belonging to the Debian distribution family.
    • Raspbian provides over 35,000 packages optimized for Raspberry Pi hardware.
    • Other Linux distributions available for Raspberry Pi include Kodi, which turns Raspberry Pi into a media center.

    Cloud Computing and Linux

    • Cloud computing is a standardized way of consuming computing resources.
    • Linux runs 90% of public cloud workload as of 2017 reports.
    • Cloud providers offer various Linux distributions as part of their Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) offering.
    • Users can choose an image containing their preferred Linux distribution and access a cloud instance running that distribution shortly after.

    Linux and Android

    • Android is a Linux-based operating system used on devices other than smartphones, such as smart TVs, tablet computers, and smartwatches.

    Choosing a Linux Distribution

    • When choosing a Linux distribution, consider cost, performance, scalability, stability, and hardware requirements.
    • CentOS is suitable for businesses aiming to reduce licensing costs while maintaining performance.
    • Ubuntu LTS releases guarantee support for a longer period of time.

    Raspberry Pi Advantages

    • Raspberry Pi is small in size, low-cost, and can handle web traffic and many other functionalities.
    • Raspberry Pi can be used as a server, firewall, and main board for robots and other small devices.

    Cloud Providers and Linux Distributions

    • Amazon Cloud Services and Google Cloud offer various Linux distributions, including Ubuntu, CentOS, and Red Hat Enterprise Linux.
    • Each cloud provider also offers specific distributions not available on other platforms.

    Package Management

    • Package management systems differ for each distribution family (e.g., Debian uses dpkg, apt-get, and apt, while Red Hat uses rpm, yum, and dnf).
    • Package managers automate package installation, dependency resolution, and updates.

    Installing Packages

    • Search for packages using apt-cache or yum search commands.
    • Install packages using apt-get install or yum install commands.
    • Packages are downloaded and installed along with their dependencies.

    Removing Packages

    • Remove packages using apt-get remove or yum remove commands.
    • Confirm the operation to uninstall the package.

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    Learn about package removal procedures on Linux systems, including Debian-based and RPM-based systems.

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