Linux Commands Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What does the echo /etc/t* command do?

  • Deletes all files starting with 't' in /etc.
  • Lists all directories in /etc.
  • Creates new files starting with 't' in /etc.
  • Displays all files starting with 't' in /etc. (correct)

What does the -n option in the cp command do?

  • Copies files in a new directory.
  • Compresses files while copying.
  • Avoids overwriting files during a copy. (correct)
  • Displays the files as they are copied.

Which option in the ls command is used to list detailed file information?

  • -d
  • -l (correct)
  • -h
  • -a

What type of path starts with the / character?

<p>Absolute Path (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the cd.. command do in Linux?

<p>Navigates one directory up (parent directory). (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which command is used to move a file in Linux?

<p>mv (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the tilde (~) symbol represent in Linux?

<p>A user's home directory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which directory contains user-specific files and directories in Linux?

<p>/home (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL)?

<p>Server applications (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which package management system is used by Debian?

<p>.deb (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is backward compatibility in an operating system?

<p>Ability to run older software versions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which command lists all files in the /etc/ppp directory?

<p>ls /etc/ppp (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What character is used to escape a single special character in Bash?

<p>\ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the CLI terminal pass user input to for execution?

<p>Shell (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of command history in Bash?

<p>Allow re-execution or editing of previously executed commands (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which quoting mechanism prevents the shell from interpreting all special characters?

<p>Single quotes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of license allows Linux's source code to be freely available and modifiable?

<p>Open-source license (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a 'distribution' in Linux terminology?

<p>A bundle of the kernel, tools, and applications (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which company certifies operating systems to be officially called UNIX?

<p>Open Group (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one primary benefit of using the command line interface (CLI) in Linux?

<p>It allows complex tasks with single commands (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who started the Linux project?

<p>Linus Torvalds (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'LTS' in Linux distributions stand for?

<p>Long-Term Support (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of an operating system?

<p>To manage hardware and software components (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a major operating system?

<p>MySQL (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of user accounts in Linux?

<p>Control access to the system (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the passwd -l command do?

<p>Locks a user account (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which file contains user account information in Linux?

<p>/etc/passwd (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the id command display in Linux?

<p>User and group information (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is stored in the /etc/shadow file?

<p>Encrypted passwords (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a UID of 0 represent?

<p>The root account (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the who command show?

<p>List of current users (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a value of 99999 in the /etc/shadow file’s maximum field indicate?

<p>Password will never expire (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the command 'ls -l' provide that 'ls' does not?

<p>A detailed list of files with permissions and file size (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which key combination allows a user to scroll through the Bash command history?

<p>Up and Down Arrow keys (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of double quotes in Bash?

<p>To prevent the interpretation of some metacharacters (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which command is an example of command substitution?

<p>echo &quot;The date is $(date)&quot; (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which command would you use to list all hidden files in a directory?

<p>ls -a (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the '-v' option do in the 'cp' command?

<p>Copies files verbosely (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when the 'cp' command is used without any options on a directory?

<p>It produces an error (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which glob pattern matches files with at least one number?

<p>/etc/<em>[0-9]</em> (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of file ownership in Linux?

<p>To restrict access to files and directories (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which command is used to change the ownership of a file in Linux?

<p>chown (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'rwx' in Linux permissions represent?

<p>Read, write, execute (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which command is used to change the group ownership of a file?

<p>chgrp (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does 'chmod 644 file.txt' have on file permissions?

<p>Grants read and write for owner, read-only for others (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the sticky bit do for a directory?

<p>Only allows file owners to delete their own files (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'getfacl' command do in Linux?

<p>Displays ACL information (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of 'chmod +x script.sh'?

<p>Grants execute permissions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Linux License

An open-source license allowing free availability and modification of the source code.

Linux Distribution

A collection of the Linux kernel, utilities, and applications bundled together.

Linux Kernel

The core of the Linux operating system, managing hardware and software.

GNU Project

A project that contributed essential tools to create a complete Linux OS.

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Command Line Interface (CLI)

A text-based interface used to interact with a computer using commands.

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Linux OS + GNU

The combined name for the Linux kernel and the GNU software libraries.

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Open-Source Software Philosophy

The belief that source code should be available and modifiable.

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Operating System (OS)

Software that manages hardware and software resources on a computer.

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RHEL's Main Focus

Server applications are the primary focus of Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL).

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Debian Package Management

Debian uses the .deb package management system.

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Backward Compatibility

Backward compatibility in an OS means older software can still run.

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Linux Distribution Package Contents

Linux distribution packages include the Linux kernel and essential utilities.

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openSUSE Tumbleweed

openSUSE Tumbleweed is a rolling release distribution.

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Bash Shell ~ Symbol

The ~ symbol in the Bash shell represents the user's home directory.

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Bash Command History

The command history in Bash allows re-executing old commands.

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PATH Variable Function

The PATH variable tells the Bash shell where to find commands.

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Bash type command

Displays information about a command.

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ls -l vs ls

ls -l shows detailed file info (permissions, size) while ls only shows filenames.

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Environment variables

Variables recreated when a new shell opens.

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Bash glob character ?, *

? matches one character; * matches zero or more characters.

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Bash double quotes

Prevent interpretation of some special characters.

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Copying directories recursively

The -r option in cp copies directories.

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Hidden files in ls

Use ls -a to list hidden files.

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Glob Patterns

A pattern used to match multiple filenames based on certain criteria like characters, ranges, or wildcards.

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What does /etc/[a-d]* match?

This glob pattern will match any file in the /etc directory that starts with a letter from 'a' to 'd' and includes any characters after it.

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Purpose of ! in Glob patterns?

The ! character is used to exclude specific characters or file names from the pattern match.

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Command to list detailed file information

The ls -l command lists all files in the current directory with detailed information like permissions, size, owner, and last modified time.

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cat command

The cat command displays the contents of a file.

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cp -n command

The cp -n command copies files without overwriting existing files.

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Command to move a file

The mv command moves a file from one location to another. It can also be used to rename files.

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Root Directory in Linux

The root directory is the topmost directory in the Linux file system hierarchy, represented by the ``/ character.

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File Ownership's Purpose

To control who can access and modify files and directories in Linux.

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File Owner

The user who created the file is usually the owner.

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Change File Ownership

The chown command lets you change the owner of a file.

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Group Ownership

It determines permissions for a group of users, allowing them to collaborate.

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View File Permissions

The ls -l command shows file ownership and permissions.

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Octal for Full Permissions

The octal value 777 grants read, write, and execute permissions for all users.

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Sticky Bit

A directory attribute allowing only file owners to delete their own files in that directory.

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Setuid Permission

Allows a program to run with the file owner's permissions, temporarily granting elevated privileges.

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User Accounts in Linux

User accounts in Linux provide secure access to the system and control the level of access that users have.

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What does su do?

The su command, when used without a username, switches to the root account, providing complete system control.

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Purpose of /etc/passwd

The /etc/passwd file stores user account information, such as usernames, passwords, and home directories.

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What is sudo?

The sudo command allows users to temporarily execute commands with elevated privileges, like the root's capabilities.

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What does id display?

The id command displays user and group information, revealing the user's identity and group affiliations.

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Purpose of /etc/shadow

The /etc/shadow file stores encrypted passwords for user accounts, keeping them secure.

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What is a UID of 0?

A UID of 0 represents the root account, which has the highest level of privileges and complete system access.

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What does who show?

The who command displays a list of currently active users logged into the system.

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Study Notes

Introduction to Linux

  • Linux uses an open-source license, allowing free availability and modification of source code.
  • A Linux distribution bundles the kernel, tools, and applications.
  • Linux is primarily known as an operating system kernel.
  • The Open Group certifies operating systems as officially UNIX.
  • Debian is a popular Linux distribution known for its apt package manager.
  • The GNU Project contributed essential tools to build a complete Linux operating system.
  • The primary language used for Linux is C.
  • Command-line interfaces (CLI) in Linux allow complex tasks with single commands.
  • The term "Linux" encompasses the Linux kernel and GNU software.
  • Learning the Linux command line enhances portability across distributions.
  • Linus Torvalds initiated the Linux project.
  • The initial project name was Freax.
  • Linux evolved significantly from UNIX.
  • Open-source software's philosophy involves available and modifiable source code.
  • GUI stands for Graphical User Interface in Linux context.
  • Operating systems manage computer hardware and software components.
  • macOS is partially based on FreeBSD.
  • A "beta" release indicates ongoing development and new features.
  • Solaris is not a major operating system.
  • Server functionality in computing environments involves serving information to clients.

Long-Term Support (LTS)

  • LTS in Linux distributions stands for Long-Term Support.
  • Scientific Linux is popular for scientific computing.
  • The release cycle for Windows 10 is twice a year.
  • Debian is a community-driven Linux distribution.

GUI vs CLI

  • GUI (Graphical User Interface) uses a mouse, while CLI (Command-Line Interface) uses commands.
  • macOS is frequently used in creative industries.
  • Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) primarily focuses on server applications.
  • Debian utilizes the .deb package management system.

Backward Compatibility

  • Backward compatibility enables older software to run on newer operating systems.

Linux Distributions

  • Linux distribution packages include the Linux kernel and utilities.
  • OpenSUSE Tumbleweed is a rolling release.
  • SUSE Linux Enterprise Server is an enterprise Linux distribution.
  • Raspbian is commonly used for education and training.
  • Package managers in Linux distributions install and manage software packages.
  • Ubuntu is developed by Canonical.
  • A maintenance cycle signifies when vendors stop offering software upgrades.
  • Fedora is considered a community beta Linux distribution.
  • macOS integrates closely with iOS devices.
  • The CLI terminal passes user commands to the shell for execution.
  • Virtualization allows organizations to pay only for used resources.
  • Linux Mint is based on Ubuntu, but offers proprietary codecs.
  • CentOS is known for its Red Hat compatibility.
  • Microsoft Azure is a cloud service provider.
  • Micro Focus offers SUSE Linux.

Command-Line Skills and File Management

  • The tilde (~) symbol in Bash represents the user's home directory.
  • Command history in Bash allows for re-execution or editing of commands.
  • In Bash, local variables are lost upon terminal closure.
  • The PATH variable lists directories searched for executable commands.
  • The command ls -l /etc/ppp lists all files in the /etc/ppp directory.
  • An alias maps longer commands to shorter sequences.
  • echo $HISTSIZE displays the value of the HISTSIZE variable.
  • Single quotes prevent the shell from interpreting special characters.
  • Bash identifies external commands via directories in the PATH.
  • Special characters can be escaped in Bash using a backslash.
  • Bash scripting allows the use of functions and conditional statements.
  • The type command in Bash provides information about a command.
  • The ls -l command displays detailed file information.
  • Environment variables are automatically recreated when a new shell opens.
  • The Bash command history can be accessed using the history command.
  • The ? glob character matches a single character.
  • Double quotes in Bash prevent the interpretation of some metacharacters.
  • Up and down arrow keys navigate through Bash command history.
  • Command substitution, like echo "The date is $(date)" is a feature in Bash.
  • The alias command maps longer commands to shorter ones.
  • mv hosts Videos/ moves the hosts file into the Videos directory.
  • * matches zero or more characters; ? matches one character in glob patterns.

Linux File and Directory Navigation

  • The tilde (~) signifies the user's home directory.
  • pwd displays the current working directory.
  • An absolute path begins with a forward slash (/).
  • The /home directory contains user-specific files and directories.
  • cd /Documents navigates to the Documents directory from the current directory using an absolute path.
  • cd .. moves up one directory level.
  • The home directory is the default when logging into a Linux shell.
  • /tmp is a directory for temporary files.
  • The dot (.) symbol references the current directory.
  • The parent directory can be specified using .. (dot-dot).
  • cd immediately navigates the user to their home directory.

Security and User Management

  • useradd creates a new user.
  • User account information is stored in /etc/passwd.
  • groupadd makes a new group.
  • etc/skel contains default files for a user's home directory.
  • The -r option in groupadd sets a reserved GID for the group.
  • /etc/shadow stores encrypted user passwords.
  • usermod modifies an existing user account.
  • userdel deletes a user.
  • passwd command is used for changing passwords.
  • -e option in passwd allows an admin to set a password expiration date.
  • User accounts within Linux provide secure access to the system.
  • sudo allows executing commands with elevated privileges.
  • /etc/passwd contains user account information.

File Permissions Management

  • File ownership and permissions control access within a Linux system.
  • The file owner is usually the user who created the file.
  • chown changes the ownership of a file.
  • Group ownership determines access rights for user groups.
  • ls -l displays file ownership and permissions.
  • rwx signifies read, write, and execute permissions.
  • chmod modifies file permissions.
  • umask sets the default permission mask for new files and directories.
  • chmod 644 file.txt sets read/write permissions for the owner and read-only for others.
  • The sticky bit in a directory setting enables only owners of files deletion.
  • chown -r newowner newgroup directory changes both directory and file ownership.
  • Special permissions, like setuid, allow a program to run with the file owner's privileges.
  • Isattr command is used to display file attributes.
  • ACLs are used for fine-grained access control within a Linux system.
  • setfacl is used to modify Access Control Lists.
  • getfacl displays ACL information.
  • 777 or 000 are used to represents all permissions or no permission for all users.

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