Questions and Answers
What option for the 'ls' command allows you to see hidden files?
Which command will overwrite a file without prompting unless the interactive option is used?
What does the 'tail -f' command do?
Which of the following commands would you use to display detailed information about currently running processes?
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What is the primary difference between the 'more' and 'less' commands?
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Which option with the 'cp' command is used to ensure that you only copy files that are newer than those in the destination?
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How do you exit from the 'more' command interface?
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What does the '-b' option do when used with the 'cat' command?
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What is the default number of lines displayed by the 'head' command?
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Which command is used to view the contents of files within the terminal?
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Study Notes
Linux Basics and Commands
ls (List)
- Displays the contents of a directory.
- Common options:
-
-l: Long listing format (detailed view). -
-a: Include hidden files (starting with .). -
-h: Human-readable file sizes.
-
mv (Move/Rename)
- Moves or renames files or directories.
- Syntax:
mv [source] [destination] - Overwrites files without warning unless the
-i(interactive) option is used.
cat (Concatenate)
- Displays the contents of files to the standard output.
- Can also concatenate multiple files.
- Syntax:
cat [file1] [file2] ... - Common options:
-
-n: Number all output lines. -
-b: Number non-blank output lines.
-
cp (Copy)
- Copies files and directories.
- Syntax:
cp [source] [destination] - Common options:
-
-r: Recursively copy directories. -
-i: Interactive mode, prompts before overwrite. -
-u: Copies only when the source file is newer.
-
more (View File Content)
- Views text files one screen at a time.
- Scroll down using the spacebar; press
Enterto scroll line by line. - To exit, press
q.
less (View File Content)
- Similar to
morebut allows backward and forward navigation. - Scrolling:
- Up/Down arrow keys or
PgUp/PgDn. - Search using
/[pattern]and pressnto find the next occurrence.
- Up/Down arrow keys or
- To exit, press
q.
tail (View End of File)
- Displays the last part of a file.
- Default shows the last 10 lines.
- Common options:
-
-n [number]: Specify number of lines to display. -
-f: Follow a file in real-time (useful for logs).
-
head (View Start of File)
- Displays the beginning part of a file.
- Default shows the first 10 lines.
- Common option:
-
-n [number]: Specify number of lines to display from the top.
-
ps (Process Status)
- Displays currently running processes.
- Common options:
-
aux: Shows all users' processes. -
-ef: Extended format, detailed information.
-
- Useful for monitoring system activity and managing tasks.
Linux Basics and Commands
ls (List)
- Lists directory contents, showing files and subdirectories.
- Options for customization:
-
-l: Provides a long listing format for detailed file information, including permissions and ownership. -
-a: Shows all files, including hidden ones that start with a dot. -
-h: Displays file sizes in a human-readable format (e.g., KB, MB).
-
mv (Move/Rename)
- Facilitates moving or renaming files and directories.
- Command syntax:
mv [source] [destination]. - By default, overwrites existing files without a warning; use
-ito enable interactive mode for confirmation before overwriting.
cat (Concatenate)
- Outputs the contents of files directly to the terminal.
- Supports concatenation of multiple files in one command.
- Options include:
-
-n: Adds line numbers to all output lines. -
-b: Numbers only non-blank output lines.
-
cp (Copy)
- Copies files and directories from one location to another.
- Command syntax:
cp [source] [destination]. - Options for enhanced functionality:
-
-r: Enables recursive copying of directories and their contents. -
-i: Activates interactive mode, prompting before overwriting. -
-u: Copies only if the source file is newer than the destination file.
-
more (View File Content)
- Displays content of text files, allowing user to scroll through them one screen at a time.
- Use spacebar to scroll down a page and
Enterfor line-by-line navigation; pressqto exit.
less (View File Content)
- Offers enhanced file viewing compared to
more, with both forward and backward scrolling capabilities. - Scrolling options include Up/Down arrow keys or
PgUp/PgDn. - Searching can be done using
/[pattern], with thenkey to jump to the next occurrence; exit withq.
tail (View End of File)
- Displays the last section of a text file, defaulting to the last 10 lines.
- Option for custom line display:
-
-n [number]: Specifies exact number of lines shown. -
-f: Follows updates to the file in real-time, particularly useful for monitoring logs.
-
head (View Start of File)
- Outputs the first section of a text file, also defaulting to the first 10 lines.
- Customization available with the option:
-
-n [number]: Specify how many lines to display from the start.
-
ps (Process Status)
- Displays information on currently running processes in the system.
- Useful options for detailed views:
-
aux: Lists processes for all users. -
-ef: Presents an extended format, providing detailed process information.
-
- Essential for system monitoring and effective task management.
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Description
This quiz covers fundamental Linux commands including ls, mv, cat, cp, and more. You will learn how to list, move, rename, concatenate, and copy files and directories using these essential commands. Test your knowledge and improve your Linux skills!
