Linking Premises to Conclusions
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What is a possible criticism of premise 1 regarding water conservation measures?

  • Water conservation is not necessary in all climates.
  • Easy measures can save vast amounts of water.
  • The measures are too expensive to implement.
  • It is not true that easy measures could save vast amounts of water. (correct)

If premise 1 is deemed acceptable, what could undermine the conclusion of the argument?

  • Environmental concerns about water usage.
  • Ineffectiveness of easy water conservation measures.
  • A lack of financial resources for conservation.
  • The United States has abundant water resources. (correct)

Which of the following is a suggested way to strengthen an argument that has weaknesses?

  • Adding premises that demonstrate a shortage of water. (correct)
  • Ignoring counterarguments to simplify the argument.
  • Doubling down on the original premises without revision.
  • Excluding relevant evidence to maintain clarity.

Which of the following best describes the criteria for strong arguments mentioned in the content?

<p>Acceptability, relevance, and sufficiency. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What disadvantage might easy conservation measures introduce according to the argument?

<p>Reduction of jobs related to dam projects. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be done to improve the acceptability of premise 1?

<p>Introduce a compelling sub-argument supporting it. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In evaluating arguments, what does sufficiency refer to?

<p>The completeness of the premises to support the conclusion. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential objection regarding easy conservation measures in terms of employment?

<p>They could lead to job losses in construction industries. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does internal relevance refer to in an argument?

<p>The connection between the argument and its premises (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is assessing the sufficiency of an argument characterized?

<p>It is a more holistic process compared to assessing relevant premises. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What criteria should be met to construct a strong argument?

<p>Acceptability, relevance, and sufficiency (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the phrase 'that doesn't follow' typically indicate?

<p>The conclusion is logically inconsistent with the premise. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When a politician fails to answer a question during a parliamentary session, it may result in which type of fallacy?

<p>Red herring fallacy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What might help justify a claim made that is difficult to defend?

<p>Engaging in discussions with peers for alternative evidence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to distinguish between internal and contextual relevance?

<p>It helps identify strengths and weaknesses in different aspects of reasoning. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main goals when assessing the strength of an argument?

<p>To evaluate each premise based on acceptability, relevance, and sufficiency (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is required for a strong argument in terms of its premises?

<p>The premises must be relevant and sufficient. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Lady Justice symbolize by holding a set of scales?

<p>She weighs the evidence for and against a conclusion. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a deductively valid argument, what must the premises provide?

<p>Relevant and sufficient evidence. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes an inductively invalid argument?

<p>The link between premises and conclusion is too weak. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when the evidence for a judgment outweighs the evidence against it?

<p>The argument is presumed to be strong. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does sufficient evidence provide in a strong argument?

<p>Conviction that the conclusion is valid. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What shifts the burden of proof to those who reject a conclusion in an argument?

<p>The strength of the evidence supporting the conclusion. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is evidence deemed sufficient in different arguments?

<p>It varies from argument to argument. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What makes an argument valid?

<p>The premises must be relevant and sufficient to justify the conclusion. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following terms best describes premises that make the conclusion less likely?

<p>Negatively relevant (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the criteria for evaluating good arguments?

<p>Coherence (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When are premises considered to provide sufficient evidence?

<p>When they provide enough evidence to justify acceptance of the conclusion. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean when premises are positively relevant?

<p>They provide evidence that makes the conclusion more likely. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can the support of all members from Africa be described in relation to the argument?

<p>It may not ensure that a majority supports the proposal. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of examining validity in arguments?

<p>The link between premises and conclusions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between relevance and the persuasiveness of an argument?

<p>Relevant premises can make conclusions more likely, but not necessarily convincing. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern regarding children's stories mentioned?

<p>They may create a negative image of stepmothers. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is statement 7 supported according to the argument structure?

<p>By using known aspects of popular children's stories. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the author imply about the statement regarding children's impressionable age?

<p>It is vague but generally acknowledged. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is considered when assessing acceptability in the argument structure?

<p>The reasonableness of the claims made. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the reasoning presented, what does the phrase 'may be' in statement 7 imply?

<p>The claim is uncertain and requires further evidence. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between statements 2, 6, and 7 in the argument structure?

<p>They provide sufficient evidence for the main conclusion. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is considered a major problem when evaluating the relevance of statement 7?

<p>It diverges from the overall argument. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of evidence do statements 3, 4, and 5 provide in support of statement 2?

<p>Reports on common aspects of children's stories. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of statement 7 in the argument presented?

<p>To suggest there may be reasons to consider censoring some children's stories (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statements provide support for the claim made in statement 2 regarding evil stepmothers in children's stories?

<p>3, 4, and 5 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What qualifies the main conclusion of the argument?

<p>It maintains there is at least one reason to consider censorship (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do statements 2 and 6 relate to statement 7 in the argument?

<p>They provide evidence supporting statement 7 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the implication of the phrase 'may be' in statement 7 regarding children's stories?

<p>It suggests a theoretical possibility without certainty (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the argument assert about the portrayal of stepmothers in children's stories?

<p>It is a recurring negative image in several stories (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is necessary for the argument to meet the relevance condition for strong arguments?

<p>The premises must provide internally relevant evidence to support the conclusion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of examples provided in statements 3, 4, and 5 in the argument?

<p>To offer evidence for the existence of a negative stereotype (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Validity in Arguments

An argument is considered valid when its premises are relevant and sufficient to support its conclusion.

Premise Relevance

Premises are relevant to a conclusion when they provide any evidence, even if small, to support or refute the conclusion.

Positive Relevance

Premises are positively relevant when they make the conclusion more likely to be true.

Negative Relevance

Premises are negatively relevant when they make the conclusion less likely to be true.

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Premise Sufficiency

An argument is sufficient when its premises provide enough evidence to warrant believing the conclusion.

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Strong Argument

A strong argument is both valid (premises are relevant and sufficient) and has acceptable premises.

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Valid Argument's Impact

Valid arguments with acceptable premises make the conclusion likely or even certain.

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Distinguish Relevance & Sufficiency

Relevance is about whether the premises are connected to the conclusion, while sufficiency is about whether there is enough evidence in the premises to support the conclusion.

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Valid Argument

An argument is considered valid when its premises are relevant and sufficient to support its conclusion.

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Sufficient Premises

The premises in an argument provide enough evidence to make the conclusion likely.

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Deductively Valid Argument

Arguments where the premises are impossible to be true and the conclusion false.

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Inductively Valid Argument

Arguments where the premises make the conclusion more likely, but not impossible to be false.

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Inductively Invalid Argument

Arguments where the link between premises and conclusion is too weak to be convincing.

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How Much Evidence is Enough?

The amount of evidence needed to prove a conclusion varies depending on the argument.

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Strong Argument Creates Presumption

A strong argument creates a bias towards its conclusion, making it more likely to be accepted.

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Shifting Burden of Proof

When an argument is strong, the audience is more likely to accept its conclusion.

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Conclusion More Likely than Not

The premises in a strong argument make the conclusion seem more probable than its alternative.

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What makes an argument valid?

When an argument's premises are relevant and sufficient to support its conclusion, it is considered valid.

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Internal vs. Contextual Relevance

Internal relevance focuses on the connection between premises and conclusion within an argument, while contextual relevance examines the relationship between the argument itself and the wider context it's presented in.

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Assessing Sufficiency

Assessing an argument's sufficiency involves considering whether the premises provide enough evidence to support the conclusion, beyond just their relevance. It's a holistic perspective.

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What makes a premise acceptable?

Premises are acceptable when they are generally true and widely accepted as reliable information.

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What makes a premise relevant?

Premises are considered relevant when they provide some evidence, even if minimal, to support or counter the conclusion.

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What makes an argument strong?

When an argument's premises are both relevant and sufficient, it is considered strong.

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What is a valid argument?

An argument is considered valid when its premises provide enough support to make the conclusion likely or certain.

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What is premise relevance?

Premise relevance refers to how directly the premises connect to the conclusion. Are they providing evidence for or against the conclusion?

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What is premise sufficiency?

Premise sufficiency refers to whether the premises provide enough evidence to warrant believing the conclusion. Is there enough evidence to support the claim?

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What makes a strong argument?

In a strong argument, the premises are both relevant and sufficient to support the conclusion.

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What are qualifiers in arguments?

A statement's strength can be weakened by qualifiers that make it less definitive or less bold. For example: "may be" or "at least one".

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What are internally relevant premises?

When an argument's premises are internal to the argument, then those premises provide information directly related to the conclusion they aim to support.

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How can examples be strong evidence?

Evidence used for an argument can be strong or weak depending on how well it supports the conclusion. Examples of a phenomenon can be strong evidence when the examples are relevant to the conclusion.

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What makes a strong argument believable?

The premises of an argument must be acceptable or believable. If the premises are not believable, then the argument is not considered strong, even if the premises are relevant and sufficient.

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Acceptable Premises

An argument's premises are acceptable when they are believable or generally accepted as true.

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Impact of Valid Argument

If an argument is valid and its premises are acceptable, then the conclusion is likely to be true.

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Positive & Negative Relevance

An argument's premises can be positively relevant when they make the conclusion more likely to be true, or negatively relevant when they make the conclusion less likely to be true.

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Deductive vs. Inductive Arguments

Deductive arguments are considered valid when the premises are impossible to be true and the conclusion false. Inductive arguments are considered valid when the premises make the conclusion more likely, but not impossible to be false.

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Study Notes

Linking Premises to Conclusions

  • Strong arguments have premises that are acceptable, relevant, and sufficient to support their conclusions.

  • An argument is valid when its premises are relevant to its conclusion and sufficient to justify accepting it.

  • Premises are considered relevant if they offer any evidence (positive or negative) that makes the conclusion more or less likely.

  • Premises are sufficient when they provide enough evidence to make the conclusion more than just a plausible hypothesis; it should either make the conclusion certain, likely, or at the very least, plausible.

Relevance

  • Good arguments have premises that are relevant to their conclusions.
  • Premises are positively relevant if they increase the likelihood of the conclusion and negatively relevant if they decrease the likelihood of the conclusion.
  • Premises that are irrelevant do not contribute to the conclusion's validity or acceptability and should not be included in a strong argument.

Hidden Premises

  • Sometimes an argument's relevance is obscured by hidden premises.
  • You must identify these hidden premises to fully understand the relevance of the argument.

Fallacies of Relevance: Red Herring

  • A Red Herring fallacy occurs when an arguer shifts the audience's attention away from the relevant topic of an argument.
  • It introduces an irrelevant topic to distract from the main argument.

Fallacies of Relevance: Straw Man

  • A Straw Man fallacy occurs when an arguer distorts or misrepresents the opposing view in an inappropriate way to make it easier to attack.
  • A straw man argument attacks a distorted or weakened version of an opposing argument rather than the actual, full argument.

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Linking Premises to Conclusions PDF

Description

This quiz explores the importance of strong arguments in reasoning, focusing on the roles of premises in ensuring conclusions are valid. It discusses the concepts of relevance and sufficiency and how they affect the strength of an argument. Test your understanding of these critical elements in constructing logical arguments.

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