English Keywords

Graphology

Orthography

Phonology

Pragmatics

Morphology

motel

Derivation

when sounds are clipped from endings of words or between two words where the articulation merges or coalesces

Loanwords can be words like 'sushi' from Japanese or 'croissant' from French.

The creation of new words by clipping longer words. Example: babysitter to babysit.

Coinage involves the creation of entirely new words, like 'Google' for the search engine.

The process of replicating sounds through words. Example: 'moo' or 'quack.'

Neologisms are new words that seemingly come from nowhere and are often prevalent in advertising.

The process of duplicating sounds. Example: 'chick-flick', 'mish-mash'.

An example of an eponym is 'Alzheimer's' named after the doctor who identified the disease.

Blending combines segments of words, while compounding relies on complete words.

Telescoping refers to shortening words to create new ones.

Amelioration is the process in which the meaning of a word becomes more positive. For example, 'Nice' originally meant 'clumsy' but now means kind.

Pejoration is the process in which the meaning of a word becomes more negative. For instance, 'Silly' originally meant 'blessed' but now means 'foolish'.

Broadening is when the meaning of a word loses its specificity and becomes more general. For example, 'Bird' originally referred to young avians but now encompasses all avian creatures.

Narrowing is when the meaning of a word becomes more specific. For instance, 'Girl' originally meant 'young person' but now specifically refers to a female young person.

Influences from foreign languages often lead to multiple words of the same meaning being adopted, thus creating synonyms.

Broadening expands the meaning of a word to be more general, while narrowing makes the meaning more specific.

Prescriptivist view language change as a decline in standards, while Descriptivist view language as what people say with no superior variety.

A Corpus is a collection of spoken and written texts, significant in studying language patterns and variations.

Word Sketches show relationships between Lemmas (base/root of a word) and Collocations (word pairings).

Collocation refers to the pairing of words with similar affiliation, like 'team leader' or 'tea leaves'.

Descriptivist Approach sees no right or wrong standards in language as long as communication is clear.

Turn-taking is the process of allowing each member of the conversation an opportunity to speak without overlap.

Adjacency Pairs are statements or questions followed by responses. For example, a question like 'How are you?' is followed by the response 'I'm good, thank you.'

To hold the conversational floor means to be the participant who is currently speaking in a conversation.

Opening greetings are phrases used to initiate conversations and set a friendly tone.

Body language and gestures often accompany opening greetings, enhancing the verbal message with non-verbal cues.

Passing ownership in conversation involves hinting at a desire for another participant to speak instead. This can be done by bringing up a participant's name in discourse or hesitating for a moment.

Clashing in conversation occurs when two individuals speak at the same time. It is resolved by one of the speakers letting go of the conversational floor, usually depending on context and relative status.

Repairing in conversation involves noticing an error in a statement and attempting to correct it. An example would be saying 'I mean' or questioning a statement for clarification.

Topic shift is the changing of topics in conversation. It is typically initiated with expressions like 'Oh, that reminds me...'

Body language in conversation endings reinforces closure and future interactions. For example, standing up can signal the end of a conversation.

Existing familiarity between participants leads to synchronized body language. This synchronization can help in smoother communication and understanding.

Prosodic features refer to the manner of speaking like intonation and stress, while paralinguistic features include non-verbal elements like body language and gestures.

Feedback signals help show the listener's engagement and understanding in a conversation.

Vocal expressions reflect the speaker's emotions and intentions, enhancing the message conveyed.

Pauses can signify unease, tension, or the listener's contemplation of a response.

Verbal responses indicate agreement, understanding, or encouragement in a conversation.

Non-verbal cues like facial expressions and body language provide additional context and reinforce the spoken words.

Repairing

Fillers like 'mmm...'

Phatic Communication

By using modal verbs

Tag Questions

Vague Expressions

Metalanguage refers to the language used to speak about language itself. An example is discussing the concept of deixis in linguistics.

Elision refers to the omission of sounds in pronunciation, like 'fraɪt.nɪŋ'. Ellipsis, on the other hand, is the omission of words in a sentence, such as '(...)'.

Hedges and Vague Language are used to soften the force of statements and avoid directness. Examples include 'kind of' and 'basically'.

Discourse Markers are words that connect different parts of conversation. They are crucial for maintaining coherence and cohesion in communication.

Fixed Expressions are repetitive phrases like 'In my opinion...' that provide predictability in speech. They help in conveying ideas consistently.

Back-channeling refers to noises, gestures, or expressions used by listeners to show engagement. It helps speakers know they are being listened to.

The Tonic Syllable is usually a significant word near the end of the tone unit, where pitch movement occurs.

Holophrastic refers to the many possibilities a word may have according to a child who is just beginning to understand them.

Overextension is the broadening of a word's meaning by children when a more suitable word is not available.

Plosives are sounds that create a small puff of air when pronounced, like /b/ and /p/.

The Telegraphic Stage focuses on brief utterances containing only essential information.

Overextension is when a child uses 'daddy' to refer to any man, broadening the word's meaning beyond its typical scope.

Underextension is the narrowing of a word's meaning by children when they do not have a more suitable word. For example, using 'shoes' only when referring to their own shoes, not others'.

Hypernyms are words that serve as a super generalized form of several other words. For instance, 'food' is a hypernym for 'bread', 'meat', and 'vegetables'.

Hyponyms are words categorized under a more generalized form. For example, 'carrot' and 'potato' are hyponyms for 'vegetable'.

Virtuous errors are mistakes made by children applying regular rules to irregular forms. For example, saying 'runned' instead of 'ran'.

Idioms are expressions with non-literal meanings. For instance, 'you're pulling my leg'.

Narrowing refers to the restriction of a word's meaning. For example, using 'shoes' to refer to specific shoes.

Restricted Code is characterized by limited lexis and reasoning, simple sentences, and assertive statements. Elaborated Code, on the other hand, features varied lexis, complex sentences, and reasoning, including the use of the passive voice.

The six functions of language according to Halliday are Instrumental, Regulatory, Interactional, Personal, Representational, Heuristic, and Imaginative.

The Instrumental Function of language is used to fulfill a need.

The Regulatory Function is used to influence the behavior of others, while the Interactional Function is used to develop social relationships and facilitate interactions.

The Representational Function of language is used to exchange, relay, or request information.

The Imaginative Function of language is used to explore the imagination.

The ZPD is the gap between a child's present skills and knowledge and what they are capable of achieving with the help of a more knowledgeable other.

IRF involves the teacher asking a question, the student responding, and the teacher providing feedback on the student's response.

Object Permanence is the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they are not in sight. It is a crucial cognitive milestone in infants' development.

In the Concrete Operational Stage, children develop the ability to think logically about concrete events and understand conservation. They can also classify objects into different categories.

The Formal Operational Stage allows adolescents to think abstractly, use logic, and engage in hypothetical thinking. It enables them to understand complex concepts and solve problems systematically.

The Sensorimotor Stage is characterized by infants exploring the world through their senses and motor activities. It lays the foundation for understanding object permanence and developing basic cognitive skills.

Relating to language change through time.

A medium of communication between peoples of different languages.

They convey emotions, attitudes, or reactions non-verbally.

The desire to sound like people you like.

When two sounds merge into one in a word.

Prosodic features relate to the music of speech, while paralinguistic features include tone, pitch, volume, etc.