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Questions and Answers
What term describes a variation of language that is context-dependent, ranging from formal to informal?
Diglossia involves the use of two languages that serve the same functions in a community.
False
What is the primary purpose of code-switching?
To alternate between two or more languages or varieties within a conversation.
A ______ refers to all the language varieties a person can use.
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Match the terms with their definitions.
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Which term describes a form of language specific to a region or social group?
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Situational switching involves changing languages due to a shift between sentences.
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What does the term 'fused lect' refer to?
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What term describes the complete disappearance of a language when it no longer has any native speakers?
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Language revival involves efforts to decrease the use of an existing language.
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What is the measure of a language's strength and survival prospects called?
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______ education is an approach where instruction is given in two languages to develop proficiency.
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Match the following varieties of English with their descriptions:
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What process involves a pidgin evolving into a creole?
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De jure status refers to a language that is widely used in practice without legal recognition.
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What is the term for the deliberate efforts to influence how a language is used within a community?
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The language that provides most vocabulary to a pidgin or creole is called the ______.
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Which term refers to the variety of a creole most distinct from the standard language?
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Study Notes
Chapter 1: Language Use and Variation
- Style: Language use varies based on context, audience, and purpose, ranging from formal to informal.
- Dialect: Regional or social group-specific varieties of a language with unique grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation.
- Variety/Code: Linguistic forms employed in specific social situations, encompassing languages, dialects, and styles.
- Linguistic/Verbal Repertoire: The range of language varieties an individual can use, showcasing their communicative ability.
- Speech Function: The purpose behind an utterance, such as to inform or express emotions.
Chapter 2: Multilingual Contexts
- Domain: Influences language choice in multilingual scenarios based on participants, setting, and topic.
- Diglossia: Coexistence of two language varieties in a community—one formal (high) and one informal (low).
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H and L Varieties:
- H Variety: Prestigious form utilized in formal contexts like education and literature.
- L Variety: Informal language used in everyday conversations among familiar individuals.
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Bilingualism:
- With Diglossia: Uses two languages for different functions within a community.
- Without Diglossia: Individuals switch languages without functional separation.
- Polyglossia: Presence of multiple languages in a community, each serving unique roles.
- Code-switching: Alternation between languages or varieties during conversation.
- Situational Switching: Language change prompted by a shift in context.
- Metaphorical Switching: Language change to convey nuances or rhetorical effects.
- Code-mixing: Combining elements from various languages within a single utterance.
- Fused Lect: A stable language form resulting from extensive code-mixing.
- Lexical Borrowing: Adoption of foreign words to fill lexical gaps.
- Intra-sentential Code-switching: Language switch within a single sentence.
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Embedded and Matrix Language:
- Matrix Language: Provides grammatical structure in code-switching.
- Embedded Language: Secondary language incorporated into the matrix structure.
- Inter-sentential Code-switching: Switching languages between sentences.
Chapter 3: Language Change and Maintenance
- Language Shift: Gradual transition from one language to another in a community.
- Language Death: Complete loss of a language when it has no native speakers.
- Language Loss: Gradual decline in an individual's proficiency in their native language.
- Language Maintenance: Community efforts to preserve and continue using their language.
- Bilingual Education: Instruction offered in two languages to foster proficiency.
- Ethnolinguistic Vitality: Assessment of a language's strength and likelihood of survival based on status and support.
- Linguistic Landscapes: Public displays of languages reflecting community language use.
- Language Revival: Intentional efforts to reactivate endangered or extinct languages.
Chapter 4: Varieties and Languages in Use
- Vernacular: Native language or dialect for informal communication, learned at home.
- Standard: Codified language used in formal settings and recognized by a community.
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Varieties of English:
- Inner Circle: Native English-speaking countries (e.g., USA, UK).
- Outer Circle: Countries where English is an official second language (e.g., India, Singapore).
- Expanding Circle: Countries where English is learned as a foreign language (e.g., China, Russia).
- Lingua Franca: Common language for communication among speakers of different native languages.
- Pidgin: Simplified communication language with limited vocabulary, emerging between groups without a common language, never having native speakers.
- Lexifier/Superstrate: Language providing the majority of vocabulary to pidgin or creole.
- Substrate: Native languages influencing the grammar and pronunciation of pidgin or creole.
- Creole: Fully developed language from a pidgin, having expanded vocabulary and grammar.
- Creolisation: Process of pidgin evolving into a creole as it acquires native speakers.
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Acrolect, Basilect, and Mesolect:
- Acrolect: Creole variety closest to the standard language.
- Basilect: Creole variety most distinct from the standard.
- Mesolect: Intermediate varieties between acrolect and basilect.
- Decreolisation: Process where a creole becomes more similar to the standard language over time.
Chapter 5: Language Status and Policy
- National Language: Language representing a nation's identity, unity, and cultural significance.
- Official Language: Language designated for government and official matters, serving administrative functions.
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De facto vs. De jure Language Status:
- De facto: Language widely used without legal recognition.
- De jure: Language formally recognized and established by law.
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Language Planning: Strategic efforts to influence language usage and development.
- Status Planning: Enhancing a language’s social standing through promotion.
- Corpus Planning: Standardizing language structure, grammar, and vocabulary.
- Acquisition Planning: Increasing language users through educational initiatives.
- Codification: The standardization process for a language's rules, grammar, and usage guidelines.
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