Socio Terms revision
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Questions and Answers

What term describes a variation of language that is context-dependent, ranging from formal to informal?

  • Dialect
  • Polyglossia
  • Code-switching
  • Style (correct)

    • Diglossia involves the use of two languages that serve the same functions in a community.

    False

    What is the primary purpose of code-switching?

    To alternate between two or more languages or varieties within a conversation.

    A ______ refers to all the language varieties a person can use.

    <p>linguistic/verbal repertoire</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the terms with their definitions.

    <p>Code-mixing = Blending elements from different languages within a single utterance. Bilingualism with Diglossia = A community uses two languages for different functions. Matrix Language = The main language providing grammatical structure in code-switching. Intra-sentential Code-switching = Switching languages within a single sentence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes a form of language specific to a region or social group?

    <p>Dialect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Situational switching involves changing languages due to a shift between sentences.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'fused lect' refer to?

    <p>A stable language form developed from extensive code-mixing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the complete disappearance of a language when it no longer has any native speakers?

    <p>Language death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Language revival involves efforts to decrease the use of an existing language.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the measure of a language's strength and survival prospects called?

    <p>Ethnolinguistic vitality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______ education is an approach where instruction is given in two languages to develop proficiency.

    <p>Bilingual</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following varieties of English with their descriptions:

    <p>Inner Circle = Countries where English is the native language Outer Circle = Countries where English is an official second language Expanding Circle = Countries learning English as a foreign language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process involves a pidgin evolving into a creole?

    <p>Creolisation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    De jure status refers to a language that is widely used in practice without legal recognition.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the deliberate efforts to influence how a language is used within a community?

    <p>Language planning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The language that provides most vocabulary to a pidgin or creole is called the ______.

    <p>Lexifier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to the variety of a creole most distinct from the standard language?

    <p>Basilect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Chapter 1: Language Use and Variation

    • Style: Language use varies based on context, audience, and purpose, ranging from formal to informal.
    • Dialect: Regional or social group-specific varieties of a language with unique grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation.
    • Variety/Code: Linguistic forms employed in specific social situations, encompassing languages, dialects, and styles.
    • Linguistic/Verbal Repertoire: The range of language varieties an individual can use, showcasing their communicative ability.
    • Speech Function: The purpose behind an utterance, such as to inform or express emotions.

    Chapter 2: Multilingual Contexts

    • Domain: Influences language choice in multilingual scenarios based on participants, setting, and topic.
    • Diglossia: Coexistence of two language varieties in a community—one formal (high) and one informal (low).
    • H and L Varieties:
      • H Variety: Prestigious form utilized in formal contexts like education and literature.
      • L Variety: Informal language used in everyday conversations among familiar individuals.
    • Bilingualism:
      • With Diglossia: Uses two languages for different functions within a community.
      • Without Diglossia: Individuals switch languages without functional separation.
    • Polyglossia: Presence of multiple languages in a community, each serving unique roles.
    • Code-switching: Alternation between languages or varieties during conversation.
    • Situational Switching: Language change prompted by a shift in context.
    • Metaphorical Switching: Language change to convey nuances or rhetorical effects.
    • Code-mixing: Combining elements from various languages within a single utterance.
    • Fused Lect: A stable language form resulting from extensive code-mixing.
    • Lexical Borrowing: Adoption of foreign words to fill lexical gaps.
    • Intra-sentential Code-switching: Language switch within a single sentence.
    • Embedded and Matrix Language:
      • Matrix Language: Provides grammatical structure in code-switching.
      • Embedded Language: Secondary language incorporated into the matrix structure.
    • Inter-sentential Code-switching: Switching languages between sentences.

    Chapter 3: Language Change and Maintenance

    • Language Shift: Gradual transition from one language to another in a community.
    • Language Death: Complete loss of a language when it has no native speakers.
    • Language Loss: Gradual decline in an individual's proficiency in their native language.
    • Language Maintenance: Community efforts to preserve and continue using their language.
    • Bilingual Education: Instruction offered in two languages to foster proficiency.
    • Ethnolinguistic Vitality: Assessment of a language's strength and likelihood of survival based on status and support.
    • Linguistic Landscapes: Public displays of languages reflecting community language use.
    • Language Revival: Intentional efforts to reactivate endangered or extinct languages.

    Chapter 4: Varieties and Languages in Use

    • Vernacular: Native language or dialect for informal communication, learned at home.
    • Standard: Codified language used in formal settings and recognized by a community.
    • Varieties of English:
      • Inner Circle: Native English-speaking countries (e.g., USA, UK).
      • Outer Circle: Countries where English is an official second language (e.g., India, Singapore).
      • Expanding Circle: Countries where English is learned as a foreign language (e.g., China, Russia).
    • Lingua Franca: Common language for communication among speakers of different native languages.
    • Pidgin: Simplified communication language with limited vocabulary, emerging between groups without a common language, never having native speakers.
    • Lexifier/Superstrate: Language providing the majority of vocabulary to pidgin or creole.
    • Substrate: Native languages influencing the grammar and pronunciation of pidgin or creole.
    • Creole: Fully developed language from a pidgin, having expanded vocabulary and grammar.
    • Creolisation: Process of pidgin evolving into a creole as it acquires native speakers.
    • Acrolect, Basilect, and Mesolect:
      • Acrolect: Creole variety closest to the standard language.
      • Basilect: Creole variety most distinct from the standard.
      • Mesolect: Intermediate varieties between acrolect and basilect.
    • Decreolisation: Process where a creole becomes more similar to the standard language over time.

    Chapter 5: Language Status and Policy

    • National Language: Language representing a nation's identity, unity, and cultural significance.
    • Official Language: Language designated for government and official matters, serving administrative functions.
    • De facto vs. De jure Language Status:
      • De facto: Language widely used without legal recognition.
      • De jure: Language formally recognized and established by law.
    • Language Planning: Strategic efforts to influence language usage and development.
      • Status Planning: Enhancing a language’s social standing through promotion.
      • Corpus Planning: Standardizing language structure, grammar, and vocabulary.
      • Acquisition Planning: Increasing language users through educational initiatives.
    • Codification: The standardization process for a language's rules, grammar, and usage guidelines.

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