Linguistic Studies & Arabic Varieties

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Questions and Answers

What characterizes the consonant inventory of EA compared to CA?

  • EA has fewer consonants and more vowels. (correct)
  • EA has no emphatic consonants.
  • EA has more consonants and fewer vowels.
  • EA has the same number of consonants and vowels as CA.

Which manner of articulation does EA primarily tend towards?

  • Fricatives
  • Trills
  • Stops (correct)
  • Affricates

Which consonant is classified as a voiced lateral in CA?

  • l (correct)
  • f
  • r
  • t

What type of phonemes will be primarily dealt with in the discussion of CA phonemes?

<p>Unstable phonemes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many phonemes does CA contain?

<p>35 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary direction of backing for consonants in EA compared to CA?

<p>Towards dentals or alveolars (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which short vowel is associated with both CA and EA?

<p>i (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of phonological contrasts, what does EA lack compared to CA?

<p>Less voicing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary classification used for the EA reflections of CA phonemes?

<p>By their point of articulation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the consonant inventory table, which CA phoneme corresponds with the EA phoneme represented as 'sa?al'?

<p>? (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which EA word translates to 'permanent' based on the provided CA and EA reflections?

<p>daa?im (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the transliteration 'gamaa' represent in the EA reflections of CA phonemes?

<p>beauty (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which CA phoneme is represented by the EA transliteration 'waaxid'?

<p>yy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following vowel pairs in the low central vowel section have the same EA phoneme?

<p>a, a (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes consonants in the provided tables of CA and EA phonemes?

<p>Manner of articulation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which consonant representation is associated with 'kaskas' in the EA reflections?

<p>w (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a distinguishing feature of CA regarding final long vowels?

<p>Final long vowels are shortened only before 'hamzatu l-waşl'. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which diphthong is correctly transliterated as 'Jawwaal'?

<p>aw (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to unstressed /i/ or /u/ in EA before a final consonant?

<p>They are dropped when a vowel suffix is added. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the assimilation of the definite article in EA?

<p>It may or may not assimilate as a free variation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding epenthetic vowels in CA?

<p>/u/ occurs after certain pronouns and /a/ follows min when before al. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which category is simpler in EA compared to CA?

<p>Grammatical categories. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the behavior of final short vowels characteristic to EA?

<p>They lengthen before suffixes mainly in poetry. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what context does CA drop a final vowel?

<p>When it occurs at the end of an utterance. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Consonant EA reflections

How consonants in a source language (CA) are represented in a target language (EA).

'darab' (EA)

The EA reflection of the CA consonant 'd' in the word 'darab', transliterated as 'he hit'.

Predictable EA reflection

An EA reflection of a CA phoneme that is determined by its environment or context within a sentence.

Root radicals (F, C, L)

The first, second, and third radicals in a root word (used for analyzing roots in Semitic languages).

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Proximal EA reflections

EA reflections similar to CA phonemes, located close to the CA phonemes on the chart.

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'bi?r' (EA)

The EA reflection of the word 'bi?r', transliterated as 'well'.

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Low central vowels

Vowels produced with the tongue low and centered in the mouth.

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'hajariyy' (EA)

The EA reflection of 'a' in a word meaning 'rock-like' or 'my rock.

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Bilabial Consonant

A consonant produced by bringing the two lips together.

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Stop Consonant

A consonant produced by completely stopping the airflow in the vocal tract, then releasing it.

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Voiceless Consonant

A consonant produced without vocal cord vibration.

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Front Vowel

A vowel produced with the tongue positioned forward in the mouth.

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Short Vowel

A vowel with a shorter duration (or a lower duration specified by the context).

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Point of Articulation

The location in the vocal tract where the sound is produced (e.g., lips, teeth, tongue).

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Manner of Articulation

The way the airflow is modified to produce a consonant sound (e.g., stop, fricative).

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Vowel

A sound produced with an open vocal tract, allowing uninterrupted airflow.

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CA vs. EA diphthong differences

CA recognizes different diphthong forms (pause vs. context) with vowel dropping rules. EA employs a single form based on the pause form.

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Vowel shortening in EA

EA shortens final long vowels, while CA shortens them only before a glottal stop.

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Vowel elision in EA

In EA, unstressed /i/ or /u/ drops before a final consonant when adding a vowel suffix.

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Epenthetic vowels

Both CA and EA insert vowels (/u/, /a/, /i/) in specific contexts, which is to improve pronounceability or grammatical function.

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Assimilation of articles (EA)

In EA, the "l" in the definite article can optionally assimilate to /k/ or /g/.

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Apocopation in EA

Prepositions 'ala' and 'min' can optionally be shortened before the definite article in EA.

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Simpler Grammatical Categories (EA vs. CA)

EA's grammatical categories are considered simpler than CA's, with specific restrictions not mentioned here.

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Morphophonemic Changes

Morphophonemic changes affect pronunciation of sounds in word combinations.

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Study Notes

Linguistic Studies in Memory of Richard Slade Harrell

  • The book is titled "Linguistic Studies in Memory of Richard Slade Harrell"
  • It was edited by Don Graham Stuart
  • Published by Georgetown University Press, Washington, D.C.
  • Publication date: 1967
  • The book is a collection of linguistic studies.

Some Contrasts Between Classical and Egyptian Arabic

  • Diglossia: Two varieties of a language coexisting, each serving different social functions.
  • Classical Arabic (CA): Also referred to as Literary, Standard or Written Arabic. It hasn't changed significantly in 1300 years due to grammatical and pronunciation rules established by the Koran's reciters.
    • Used for religious sermons, literary works, speeches, news broadcasts, etc.
  • Egyptian Arabic (EA): A colloquial variety, also called Vernacular or Spoken Arabic. It developed from classical Arabic or an earlier Arabic Koine.
    • Used in everyday conversation, movies, plays, songs and for interactions between family, colleagues and others.

Phonology

  • Phoneme inventory: Classical Arabic has 35 phonemes (29 consonants and 6 vowels), while Egyptian Arabic has 36 phonemes (26 consonants and 10 vowels).
  • Consonants: Egyptian Arabic has fewer affricates and fricatives and more stops compared to classical Arabic. It also has a tendency towards back consonants (like dentals or alveolars).

Vowels

  • Vowel inventory: Classical Arabic has 3 short and 3 long vowels, while Egyptian Arabic has 4 short and 6 long vowels.
  • Vowel changes: Variations in Egyptian Arabic include shortening final long vowels before specific linguistic features, lengthening short vowels before certain suffixes, and the elision of vowels in unstressed positions.

Morphology

  • Grammatical variations: Egyptian Arabic has simpler grammatical categories compared to Classical Arabic, such as less inflection in verbs (perfect, imperfect, indicative, subjunctive, energetic, imperative), less use of voices, distinctions in voicing or gender. It can also exhibit optional assimilation or apocopation of words, especially the definite article 'al'.

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