Podcast
Questions and Answers
What does the term 'tonicity' refer to in intonation?
What does the term 'tonicity' refer to in intonation?
- The specific syllable that carries the tone (correct)
- The overall emotional tone conveyed in speech
- The division of utterances into smaller units
- The pitch range of a speaker's voice
Which of the following statements correctly describes the head of a tone unit?
Which of the following statements correctly describes the head of a tone unit?
- It includes all syllables after the tonic syllable.
- It is synonymous with the tonic syllable.
- It starts from the first accented syllable and ends right before the tonic syllable. (correct)
- It represents all unaccented syllables in an utterance.
Which components are involved in the structure of a tone unit?
Which components are involved in the structure of a tone unit?
- Nucleus and syllable types
- Stress and rhythm
- Head, pre-head, and tail (correct)
- Pitch and tone only
What is indicated by double vertical lines in the division of tone units?
What is indicated by double vertical lines in the division of tone units?
How does pitch relate to the perception of tone?
How does pitch relate to the perception of tone?
Which definition best describes the term 'tonality' in relation to intonation?
Which definition best describes the term 'tonality' in relation to intonation?
What is the role of the tail in a tone unit?
What is the role of the tail in a tone unit?
Which of the following best captures the expressive function of intonation?
Which of the following best captures the expressive function of intonation?
What is the naturalness or indexical function of intonation primarily used for?
What is the naturalness or indexical function of intonation primarily used for?
Which intonation pattern is characterized as unmarked for WH-questions?
Which intonation pattern is characterized as unmarked for WH-questions?
How does a low fall in a statement generally affect the tone?
How does a low fall in a statement generally affect the tone?
Which intonation pattern typically indicates a need for repetition or clarification?
Which intonation pattern typically indicates a need for repetition or clarification?
Which statement accurately describes the function of intonation in expressing old and new information?
Which statement accurately describes the function of intonation in expressing old and new information?
What does a fall-rise intonation pattern commonly imply when used in statements?
What does a fall-rise intonation pattern commonly imply when used in statements?
Which tone frequently characterizes routine questions and reflects a lack of genuine interest?
Which tone frequently characterizes routine questions and reflects a lack of genuine interest?
What does a high head followed by a low rise in statements typically convey?
What does a high head followed by a low rise in statements typically convey?
Which of the following statements about tone languages is correct?
Which of the following statements about tone languages is correct?
Which intonation pattern is specifically associated with yes/no questions acting as requests?
Which intonation pattern is specifically associated with yes/no questions acting as requests?
What pattern typically indicates non-finality in presenting and narrating?
What pattern typically indicates non-finality in presenting and narrating?
Which type of question tag is characterized by a positive statement with a positive tag?
Which type of question tag is characterized by a positive statement with a positive tag?
What intonation pattern indicates a genuine question in a balanced tag?
What intonation pattern indicates a genuine question in a balanced tag?
What intonation is associated with commands followed by question tags like 'Will you?'?
What intonation is associated with commands followed by question tags like 'Will you?'?
How are the elements in a closed list typically structured intonationally?
How are the elements in a closed list typically structured intonationally?
Which response pattern uses a high rise to express interest in an affirmative statement?
Which response pattern uses a high rise to express interest in an affirmative statement?
In terms of dependent elements, which tonal pattern precedes the independent clause?
In terms of dependent elements, which tonal pattern precedes the independent clause?
What characteristic defines the tone of parenthetical information in a statement?
What characteristic defines the tone of parenthetical information in a statement?
Which type of alternative question typically has a low rise for all options except the last?
Which type of alternative question typically has a low rise for all options except the last?
What does a low fall in response patterns typically indicate?
What does a low fall in response patterns typically indicate?
What type of assimilation occurs when a word-final consonant sound changes due to a word-initial consonant sound?
What type of assimilation occurs when a word-final consonant sound changes due to a word-initial consonant sound?
In assimilation involving dentalisation, which consonants change when followed by θ or ð?
In assimilation involving dentalisation, which consonants change when followed by θ or ð?
What is the primary characteristic of coalescent assimilation?
What is the primary characteristic of coalescent assimilation?
Which assimilation type is characterized by alveolar sounds being affected by surrounding sounds, particularly in rapid speech?
Which assimilation type is characterized by alveolar sounds being affected by surrounding sounds, particularly in rapid speech?
Which of the following is an example of assimilation involving palatalization?
Which of the following is an example of assimilation involving palatalization?
What is the primary purpose of assimilation in connected speech?
What is the primary purpose of assimilation in connected speech?
Which type of assimilation occurs when a preceding sound influences a following sound?
Which type of assimilation occurs when a preceding sound influences a following sound?
What phonological feature is primarily changed in assimilation of manner of articulation?
What phonological feature is primarily changed in assimilation of manner of articulation?
In which context is assimilation most likely to occur?
In which context is assimilation most likely to occur?
What is an example of progressive assimilation involving voicing?
What is an example of progressive assimilation involving voicing?
What happens to alveolar consonants during the assimilation process?
What happens to alveolar consonants during the assimilation process?
What type of assimilation involves the fusion of two adjacent sounds into one?
What type of assimilation involves the fusion of two adjacent sounds into one?
Which of the following is a feature-based type of assimilation?
Which of the following is a feature-based type of assimilation?
What does coarticulation in connected speech refer to?
What does coarticulation in connected speech refer to?
How does vowel reduction typically manifest in unaccented syllables?
How does vowel reduction typically manifest in unaccented syllables?
Flashcards
Intonation
Intonation
The pattern of pitch variations in speech, conveying meaning beyond just words.
Pitch
Pitch
The highness or lowness of a sound, based on vocal fold vibration rate.
Tone Unit
Tone Unit
A section of speech with a single intonation pattern.
Tonic Syllable
Tonic Syllable
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Head
Head
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Pre-head
Pre-head
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Tail
Tail
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Tone
Tone
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Accentual Function of Intonation
Accentual Function of Intonation
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Grammatical Function of Intonation
Grammatical Function of Intonation
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Discourse Function
Discourse Function
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Naturalness/Indexical Function
Naturalness/Indexical Function
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Lexico-Semantic function
Lexico-Semantic function
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Unmarked Intonation Pattern
Unmarked Intonation Pattern
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High Fall (Statement)
High Fall (Statement)
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Wh-Question Intonation (High Fall)
Wh-Question Intonation (High Fall)
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Yes/No Question Intonation (Low Rise)
Yes/No Question Intonation (Low Rise)
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Declarative Question Intonation
Declarative Question Intonation
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Assimilation
Assimilation
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Regressive Assimilation
Regressive Assimilation
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Progressive Assimilation
Progressive Assimilation
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Reciprocal Assimilation
Reciprocal Assimilation
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Coalescent Assimilation
Coalescent Assimilation
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Alternative Questions
Alternative Questions
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Question Tags (Balanced)
Question Tags (Balanced)
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Question Tags (Unbalanced)
Question Tags (Unbalanced)
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Question Tag Intonation (High Fall)
Question Tag Intonation (High Fall)
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Question Tag Intonation (Low Rise)
Question Tag Intonation (Low Rise)
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Closed Lists
Closed Lists
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Open Lists
Open Lists
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Dependent Elements
Dependent Elements
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Parenthetical Information
Parenthetical Information
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Tag-Type Responses
Tag-Type Responses
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Assimilation (in phonology)
Assimilation (in phonology)
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Eliding sounds
Eliding sounds
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Vowel Reduction
Vowel Reduction
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Coarticulation
Coarticulation
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Assimilation of point of articulation (POA)
Assimilation of point of articulation (POA)
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Assimilation of manner of articulation (MOA)
Assimilation of manner of articulation (MOA)
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Assimilation of voicing
Assimilation of voicing
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Speech fluency
Speech fluency
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Study Notes
Intonation
- Intonation is the linguistically significant pattern of pitch variations in a stretch of utterance.
- Pitch is an auditory sensation corresponding to the vocal folds' vibration rate. Higher pitch corresponds to faster vibration.
Intonation - Pitch Range
- The highest and lowest pitches the human voice can reach.
Tone
- A continuous pitch movement from one level to another.
Tonality
- Utterances are divided into smaller units called tone units, intonation phrases, or intonation groups.
- Vertical lines separate tone units. Double lines also separate units and indicate pauses.
Tonicity
- The syllable carrying the tone is the tonic syllable or nucleus.
- Typically the last lexical item is the tonic syllable, but the meaning determines which syllable.
Structure - Tonic Syllable/Nucleus
- The syllable carrying the tone is the tonic syllable or nucleus.
- Accented syllables before the tonic syllable also have marks.
- Head: First accented syllable to the tonic syllable.
- Pre-head: Unaccented syllables before the head.
- Tail: Syllables after the tonic syllable.
Functions of Intonation
Attitudinal/Expressive Function
- Emotions and attitudes are conveyed through intonation, beyond lexical meaning.
Accentual/Informational/Focusing Function
- Allows the speaker to highlight specific information within an utterance.
Grammatical Function
- Differentiates syntactic structures (phrases, clauses, statements, questions).
- Indicates boundaries between structures.
Discourse/Cohesive Function
- Allows speakers to indicate intentions and expectations for listener responses.
- Facilitates discourse structure and marks shared knowledge.
- Distinguishes between new and old information (new info usually has falling tones).
- Marks contrasts and coherence between clauses within an utterance.
- Signals turn-taking between speakers.
Naturalness/Indexical Function
- Distinctive intonation patterns indicate who is speaking or the type of discourse.
- Acts as a marker of personal identity.
Lexico-semantic Function
- Some languages use pitch movement to convey lexical meaning.
Statements
- Unmarked pattern: High fall (neutral).
- Variations:
- High fall: confidence, finality.
- Low fall: objectivity, seriousness, detachment.
- Low fall with high head: categorical, definite.
- Fall-rise: something unsaid, politeness (correcting).
- High head, low rise: reassurance, encouragement.
- Rise-fall: strong impression, approval/disapproval, intensifier, irony, gossip.
WH-Questions
- Unmarked pattern: High fall (curiosity).
- Variations:
- Low fall: serious, detached, hostile.
- High rise: requires repetition or clarification.
- Low rise: friendly, interested, polite.
Yes/No Questions
- Unmarked pattern: Low rise (neutral).
- Variations:
- Fall-rise: implication, "because ..."
- High fall/Low fall: seriousness, urgency for a response.
Declarative Questions
- Form of a statement but rising intonation marks it as a question.
- Tone used depends on the meaning.
Alternative Questions
- Speaker provides a choice.
- First question has a low rise, last has a high fall. Intermediary questions have low rises.
Question Tags
- Balanced/Reverse Polarity: Positive statement, negative tag (or vice versa).
- High fall: confirmation seeking.
- Low rise: genuine information seeking.
- Unbalanced/Constant Polarity: Both statement and tag have the same polarity.
- Low rise (less common).
Will You?/Shall We?/Aren't I?/Am I?
- Commands/requests with question tags are less authoritative.
- Low rise used in "let's" + "Shall we?" and "Will you?"
- High fall or low rise in "I'm..." + "Aren't I?" and "I'm not..." + "Am I?"
Tag-Type Responses
- Unmarked pattern: High rise (interest).
- Variations:
- Low rise: disapproval, skepticism.
- High fall: mild surprise, acceptance.
- Low fall: lack of interest, hostility.
- Fall-rise: doubt, disagreement.
Presenting & Narrating/Storytelling
- Unmarked pattern: Low rise / fall-rise (non-finality).
- High/low fall (finality).
- High head with falling tonic for completeness and finality.
Closed Lists
- All but the last element have the same tone (usually low rise).
- Last element has a different tone (usually high or low fall).
Open Lists
- All elements have the same tone (usually low rise).
Dependent Elements
- Rising tones (fall-rise before, low rise after independent clause).
Parenthetical Information
- Rising tonic syllable, low key, rapid delivery, reduced loudness (additional/less important info).
Assimilation of Consonants in Connected Speech
- Assimilation is the adaptation of a consonant so it sounds like adjacent speech sounds.
- It's more common in rapid speech.
Types of Assimilation
- Progressive: Preceding sound affects following sound.
- Regressive: Following sound affects preceding sound.
- Mutual: Adjacent sounds influence each other simultaneously.
- Coalescent: Two adjacent sounds merge into one, incorporating features.
Features of Assimilation
- Point of Articulation (POA): Changes in consonant articulation point.
- Manner of Articulation (MOA): Changes in pronunciation method.
- Voicing: Changes between voiced and voiceless consonants.
Types of Assimilation by Directionality and Features
- Explicit descriptions of progressive, regressive, mutual, and coalescent assimilation based on consonant sounds influenced.
Recap
- Assimilation simplifies pronunciation, making speech smoother and more efficient.
- Various sound changes occur in connection according to different directionally and phonetic feature categories.
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Description
Explore the fascinating concepts of intonation, pitch range, tone, tonality, and tonicity in this quiz. Understand how these elements interact in spoken language and influence communication. Perfect for students of linguistics and language studies.
