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Questions and Answers
What is the common intonation pattern used in open lists?
What is the common intonation pattern used in open lists?
In dependent elements following an independent clause, what tone is typically used?
In dependent elements following an independent clause, what tone is typically used?
In parenthetical information, how is the tone generally characterized?
In parenthetical information, how is the tone generally characterized?
What type of syllable is primarily used in tone units with additional information?
What type of syllable is primarily used in tone units with additional information?
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What intonation pattern is common for dependent elements when they precede an independent clause?
What intonation pattern is common for dependent elements when they precede an independent clause?
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What does assimilation of consonants in connected speech typically imply?
What does assimilation of consonants in connected speech typically imply?
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In connected speech, what is the primary focus of speakers as they communicate?
In connected speech, what is the primary focus of speakers as they communicate?
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How are tone units typically structured when including parenthetical information?
How are tone units typically structured when including parenthetical information?
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What is the primary purpose of assimilation in speech?
What is the primary purpose of assimilation in speech?
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Which of the following best describes elision in connected speech?
Which of the following best describes elision in connected speech?
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How does linked speech facilitate fluency?
How does linked speech facilitate fluency?
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Which statement about unaccented syllables is accurate?
Which statement about unaccented syllables is accurate?
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In which context is assimilation most likely to occur?
In which context is assimilation most likely to occur?
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What phonological characteristic does assimilation primarily affect?
What phonological characteristic does assimilation primarily affect?
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What phonetic change occurs when a sound is assimilated?
What phonetic change occurs when a sound is assimilated?
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Which of the following sentences illustrates elision?
Which of the following sentences illustrates elision?
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Which of these represents a characteristic of connected speech?
Which of these represents a characteristic of connected speech?
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What happens to vowel sounds in reduced triphthongs?
What happens to vowel sounds in reduced triphthongs?
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What is one reason assimilation occurs during speech production?
What is one reason assimilation occurs during speech production?
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Which type of assimilation occurs when the preceding sound influences the following sound?
Which type of assimilation occurs when the preceding sound influences the following sound?
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Which of the following describes the phenomenon of two adjacent sounds merging into one?
Which of the following describes the phenomenon of two adjacent sounds merging into one?
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What is an example of assimilation based on the manner of articulation?
What is an example of assimilation based on the manner of articulation?
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Which phonological feature is most commonly the basis for assimilation?
Which phonological feature is most commonly the basis for assimilation?
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What does coarticulation in connected speech refer to?
What does coarticulation in connected speech refer to?
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Elision can lead to which of the following phenomena in quick speech?
Elision can lead to which of the following phenomena in quick speech?
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In the context of assimilation, how is 'mutual influence' characterized?
In the context of assimilation, how is 'mutual influence' characterized?
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What effect does assimilation have on listener perception of speech?
What effect does assimilation have on listener perception of speech?
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When does de-alveolarization commonly occur in speech processes?
When does de-alveolarization commonly occur in speech processes?
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What happens during coalescent assimilation?
What happens during coalescent assimilation?
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Regressive assimilation primarily affects which of the following?
Regressive assimilation primarily affects which of the following?
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Which statement accurately describes progressive assimilation?
Which statement accurately describes progressive assimilation?
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What is one characteristic of reciprocal assimilation?
What is one characteristic of reciprocal assimilation?
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Which type of assimilation is characterized by the dental nature of sounds?
Which type of assimilation is characterized by the dental nature of sounds?
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Which function of intonation helps in distinguishing between new information and old information?
Which function of intonation helps in distinguishing between new information and old information?
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What role does intonation play in expressing the speaker's expectations about a listener's response?
What role does intonation play in expressing the speaker's expectations about a listener's response?
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Which function of intonation differentiates the syntactic structures of sentences?
Which function of intonation differentiates the syntactic structures of sentences?
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In which function does intonation act as a marker of personal identity?
In which function does intonation act as a marker of personal identity?
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Which intonation function is responsible for drawing attention to specific information in speech?
Which intonation function is responsible for drawing attention to specific information in speech?
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What does intonation help to signal regarding the structure of spoken discourse?
What does intonation help to signal regarding the structure of spoken discourse?
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How does intonation contribute to turn-taking in conversation?
How does intonation contribute to turn-taking in conversation?
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What is the effect of rising tones in discourse according to the functions of intonation?
What is the effect of rising tones in discourse according to the functions of intonation?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of intonation as outlined in the provided content?
Which of the following is NOT a function of intonation as outlined in the provided content?
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In tone languages, what role does intonation primarily play?
In tone languages, what role does intonation primarily play?
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Study Notes
Suprasegmentals - Pitch and Intonation
- Intonation is the pattern of linguistically significant pitch variations in a stretch of speech.
- Pitch is an auditory perception corresponding to the vocal folds' vibration rate. A faster vibration rate corresponds to a higher pitch.
- Pitch range is the highest and lowest limits of the human voice.
- Tone is a continuous pitch movement from one level to another.
- Tonality refers to the division of utterances into smaller units, called tone units, intonation phrases, or intonation groups. These units are separated by single vertical lines and sometimes double lines, which also mark pauses.
Suprasegmentals - Tonic Syllables and Elements
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The tonic syllable (or nucleus) is the syllable carrying the main pitch accent in a tone unit.
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Other accented syllables before the tonic syllable are marked with symbols.
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The head encompasses accented syllables up to the tonic syllable.
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The pre-head is any unaccented syllable before the head.
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The tail consists of any syllables occurring after the tonic syllable, accented or unaccented.
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Intonation patterns are used to convey meaning beyond the literal meaning of words.
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Certain functions include identifying attitudes, marking grammatical structure, expressing speaker intentions and marking discourse flow, and signaling information focus.
Suprasegmentals - Functions of Intonation
- Attitudinal function: conveys emotions or attitudes beyond the lexical meaning.
- Accentual/informational/focusing function: highlights specific information to draw attention.
- Grammatical function: distinguishes between syntactic structures like statements, questions, clauses, etc., and their boundaries.
- Discourse/cohesive function: links utterances to indicate speaker intentions and expectations. It marks shared knowledge and facilitates discourse structuring
- Lexico-semantic function: in tone languages, pitch variations convey specific lexical meanings, different from the spoken word, and this is not just connected to intonation but also grammar.
Suprasegmental - Tone Units
- Utterances can be divided into smaller units called tone units.
- Usually, a single vertical bar separates these tone units..
- Two vertical lines, signify a juncture or a greater pause.
Suprasegmentals - Statement Patterns
- Unmarked statements typically have a high-falling intonation pattern.
- Different tone contours associated with marked patterns include those reflecting confidence, involvement, and lack of reservation. Other tones may reflect seriousness and detachment.
Suprasegmentals - Question Types
- Yes/no questions: typically have an unmarked pattern of a low rise, though fall-rise can signal implicational meaning.
- Wh- questions: sound truly curious, showing a need for information; the unmarked pattern is a high fall.
- Declarative questions: have the syntactic structure of statements, but the rising intonation pattern identifies them as a question; using different tones shows differing information needs.
Suprasegmentals - Alternative Questions
- Two or more options are presented in a question.
Suprasegmentals - Questions Tags
- Question tags are used to confirm/clarify statements, but they are primarily made up of a statement and a positive tag (or uncommonly, a negative tag with a negative statement).
Suprasegmentals- Tag-type Responses
- There are various patterns depending on whether a preceding statement is affirmative or negative, which in turn dictates the response.
Suprasegmentals - Intonation in Different Spoken Genres
- Speakers use a range of possible intonation patterns depending on the particular situation/context. This variability is inherent to language, and shows the speaker's various intentions.
Suprasegmentals - Intonation in Relation to Other Aspects of Spoken Communication
- Intonation is inherently intertwined with other aspects of spoken communication such as discourse, context, and personal meaning.
Suprasegmentals - Other Features of Intonation
- intonation patterns may reflect personal identity and different kinds of discourse. These may appear as differences in intonation depending on the type of speaker or the speech genre.
Assimilation of Consonants in Connected Speech
- Assimilation alters neighbouring sounds to help make speech smoother and more efficient.
- It may involve voicing changes or changes in place or manner of articulation.
- These changes sometimes are unconscious to listeners.
- Assimilation changes are present in fast speech, casual speech, and speech that has a speed or a style of formality.
- There are various types of assimilation: progressive in one direction and regressive in the opposite direction. There is also reciprocal assimilation.
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Description
Explore the world of suprasegmentals with this quiz focused on pitch and intonation. Learn about key concepts such as tone, tonality, and the significance of tonic syllables in language. Test your understanding of how these elements affect speech patterns.
