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What is unique about the Zuni language?
Where is the Seri language spoken?
What is the primary reason for the linguistic change and evolution of language families?
What is the method used to estimate the time depth of languages?
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Which language family has an enormous geographic distribution, stretching from Idaho to Central Mexico?
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How long have individual languages within the Uto-Aztecan family been separated from one another?
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Which of the following Rio Grande Pueblos speaks a Kiowa-Tanoan language?
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What is the language branch spoken by the Santa Clara, San Juan, San Ildefonso, Nambe, Tesuque, and Pojoaque Pueblos?
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What is the name of the group of Tewa speakers who migrated to the Hopi Mesas in the 17th century?
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What is the name of the language family that includes the languages spoken by the Navajo and Western Apache?
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What is a characteristic of hunter-gatherer subsistence in a mobile lifeway?
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What is a common feature of tool kits used by nomadic groups?
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What is a reason for nomadic groups to disperse into smaller groups?
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What is a pattern of residence exhibited by some nomadic groups?
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What is a key factor in determining the material culture of nomadic groups?
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What is a characteristic of Western Pueblos?
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What is a common feature among all Pueblo people?
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What is a characteristic of Rancheria peoples?
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What event occurred around A.D. 1300?
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What is true about the Spanish influence on Pueblo people?
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Study Notes
Language Families of the Southwest
- There are thousands of years of linguistic change and evolution, mostly due to geographic separation of populations.
- Individual language families have evolved separately from other families for 12,000 or more years.
Major Language Families of the Southwest
- Uto-Aztecan:
- Enormous geographic distribution, stretching from Idaho to Central Mexico.
- Individual languages within this family have been separated from one another for about 5,000 years.
- Includes Hopi, Piman languages, Huichol, and several extinct languages of northern Mexico.
- Kiowa-Tanoan:
- Consists of closely related languages spoken by people who live in some of the Rio Grande Pueblos in New Mexico.
- Languages have been separated by only two or three thousand years at most.
- Includes Taos, Picuris, Sandia, Isleta, Santa Clara, San Juan, San Ildefonso, Tesuque, Nambe, Pojoaque, and Hano (or Tewa Village).
- Southern Athabaskan:
- One of three Athabaskan families spoken in North America.
- Speakers have been separated from northern Athabaskan speakers by perhaps 600 to 1,300 years.
- Includes Navajo and Western Apache.
- Yuman:
- Consists of several very closely related languages, separated by no more than 2,000 years.
- Split into two major divisions: Upland Yumans (Walapai, Havasupai, Yavapai) and River Yumans (Mohave, Maricopa, Yuma, Delta, Paipai, others).
- Keresan:
- Very closely related languages, separated by only a few hundred years, probably no more than 500 years.
- Includes two groups: Rio Grande pueblos (Zia, Santa Ana, San Felipe, Santo Domingo, Cochiti) and Western Keresans (Acoma and Laguna).
- Zuni:
- A language isolate, not closely related to any other known language.
- May be related to Penutian languages in California, but this is disputed.
- Evolved a separate language over the course of at least 7,000 years and probably more.
- Seri:
- A language isolate, spoken by people living along the west coast of Sonora in Mexico and on Tiburon Island in the Gulf of California.
- Historically, there were six major geographic groups of Seri who spoke three dialects.
Major Lifeways of the Southwest
- Pueblo Lifeway:
- Emphasize the importance of social units known as clans and sodalities (Western Pueblos).
- Villages organized into moieties, with alternating leadership (Eastern Pueblos).
- Emphasis on rain-making, harmony insured by the assistance of Kachina spirits (Western Pueblos).
- Emphasis on harvest ceremonials, hunting societies, curing ceremonies (Eastern Pueblos).
- Rancheria Lifeway:
- Characterized by a wide range of mobility strategies, with some groups moving hundreds of miles in the course of a single year.
- Hunter-gatherer subsistence, based on seasonal movements between environmental zones to exploit available resources.
- Exploitation of a broad spectrum of wild plant and animal resources.
- Regular exchange relationships with more settled groups.
- For some groups (Navajo, for example), a pattern of bi-seasonal residence, with separate winter and summer camps or homes.
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Description
This quiz explores the evolution of language families, geographic separation of populations, and the study of languages within anthropology. Learn about glottochronology and the time depth of languages.
