Ling 339 Midterm 2: Second Language Acquisition

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of contrastive analysis in second language acquisition?

  • Analyzing the social contexts influencing language learning.
  • Studying the natural order of morpheme acquisition in ESL.
  • Predicting L2 error patterns based on differences between L1 and L2. (correct)
  • Examining the role of universal grammar in language acquisition.

In second language acquisition, what does the concept of 'Interlanguage' refer to?

  • The learner's ultimate attainment of native-like proficiency.
  • The systematic linguistic system developed by a learner who is learning a new language but has not yet become fully proficient in it. (correct)
  • The stage where learners completely avoid using their first language.
  • The initial stage of language learning characterized by random errors.

What is the main idea behind Krashen's Monitor Model in second language acquisition?

  • The affective filter has negligible impact on the success of language learning.
  • The natural order hypothesis suggests that all learners acquire grammatical structures in varying sequences.
  • Language acquisition is primarily driven by explicit grammar instruction and error correction.
  • Learners use a 'monitor' to edit and correct their language output, based on learned rules. (correct)

According to the information processing approach to second language acquisition, how does declarative knowledge transition to procedural knowledge?

<p>Through a process of decreased awareness and reduced effort, turning controlled processes into automatic ones. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Within the general model of SLA, what is the correct order of stages a comprehensible input passes through?

<p>Input → Intake → Interlanguage → Output (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of interactional modification in second language acquisition?

<p>A teacher simplifying their speech and checking for comprehension when talking to a language learner. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary distinction between Basic Interpersonal Communicative Skills (BICS) and Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency (CALP) as defined by Cummins?

<p>BICS involves everyday, context-embedded language, while CALP is related to cognitively demanding, academic language. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of 'fossilization' refer to in the context of interlanguage development?

<p>The point at which a learner's interlanguage development ceases, stabilizing at a stage short of complete mastery. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Universal Grammar (UG) relate to second language acquisition?

<p>UG provides a theoretical framework suggesting that innate linguistic principles guide L2 learning. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the social interactionist approach, which of the following is most crucial for second language acquisition?

<p>Meaningful interaction and negotiation of meaning with other speakers. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the 'affective filter' in Krashen's Monitor Model?

<p>It impedes language acquisition when learners experience anxiety, low motivation, or lack of self-confidence. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might 'foreigner talk' modifications aid in second language acquisition?

<p>By simplifying complex grammatical structures to ease comprehension for learners. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does error analysis involve in the study of second language acquisition?

<p>Identifying, classifying, and systematically analyzing learners' errors to understand their interlanguage. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of academic support using bilingual education as opposed to sheltered instruction?

<p>To teach the curriculum content in the students' native language while simultaneously developing their English proficiency. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Cummins' concept of 'context embedded' language refer to?

<p>Language used in situations where there are many cues and supports available for understanding. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of Universal Grammar (UG), what do 'principles and parameters' refer to?

<p>Principles are universal properties of language, while parameters are language-specific variations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of morpheme order studies in second language acquisition?

<p>Examining the sequence in which learners acquire grammatical morphemes, such as plural markers or past tense endings. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'negotiation of meaning' entail in the context of input and interaction?

<p>Speakers adjusting their language and using strategies to resolve communication breakdowns and ensure mutual understanding. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the 'Interaction Hypothesis' in second language acquisition primarily concerned with?

<p>The role of comprehensible input that is modified and interactively negotiated in promoting language development. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Freeman and Freeman's approach, how can the 'iceberg metaphor' be used to explain BICS, CALP and academic knowledge?

<p>BICS is the visible tip of the iceberg, representing surface fluency, while CALP and academic knowledge are the submerged, underlying cognitive and academic proficiency. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Contrastive Analysis

Predicting L2 errors by comparing L1 and L2.

Error Analysis

Analyzing learner errors to understand their language development.

Interlanguage

A developing system between L1 and L2 with its own rules and patterns.

Fossilization

When interlanguage development stops, and errors become permanent.

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Krashen's Monitor Model

Learning vs Acquisition; monitor use; comprehensible input; affective filter.

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Universal Grammar (UG)

Innate language structure with principles and parameters.

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Information Processing

Early, slow, effortful learning gradually becoming automatic.

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Foreigner Talk Modifications

Modifications to speech by native speakers for language learners.

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Negotiation of Meaning

How learners and native speakers adjust communication to understand each other.

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Interaction Hypothesis

Interaction is essential for language acquisition.

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Model of Language Acquisition

Input -> Intake -> Interlanguage -> Output

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BICS

Basic Interpersonal Communicative Skills (social, everyday language).

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CALP

Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency (academic language skills).

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Cognitively Demanding Language

Language requiring lots of thinking skills and abilities.

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Study Notes

  • Review guide for Ling 339 Midterm #2

Second Language Acquisition (Chapter 3: Linguistics)

  • Contrastive analysis predicts L2 error patterns.
  • Error analysis (pp. 40-42) covers developmental (p. 42) and interference errors (p. 42).
  • Interlanguage (p. 43) involves proficiency knowledge with L1 transfer and natural developmental processes.
  • Fossilization of Interlanguage development occurs (p. 44 & 79).
  • Morpheme order studies analyze grammatical morphemes in ESL speech (pp. 45-7).
  • Krashen's monitor model involves learning vs. acquisition, natural order, comprehensible input, and affective filter (pp. 47-48).
  • Innatism with UG (Universal Grammar) and the language faculty (p. 49) concerns the hardware of language learning, not software.
  • Hardware operates through principles and parameters (pp. 50-51).
  • UG principles (e.g., word order in VPs or questions with wh-words) and UG's role in natural interlanguage development (p. 53) are important.

Second Language Acquisition (Chapter 4: Psychology)

  • Information processing (p. 78) starts with early, slow, and effortful learning to become automatic (p. 78-81).
  • Declarative knowledge becomes procedural knowledge.
  • Compare and contrast Krashen's theory of L2 acquisition with information processing theory

Second Language Acquisition (Chapter 5: Social Contexts)

  • Input and interaction include foreigner talk modifications (p. 112).
  • Interactional modifications and negotiation of meaning are important (p. 115-116).
  • The Interaction hypothesis is covered (p. 118), see ppt from week 8.

General Model of SLA

  • The prevalent model of language acquisition involves language input to output.
  • An innatist account of this model (Krashen & acquisition) should be explained (p. 47-48).
  • An information processing account of this model should be explained (p. 78-80).
  • A social interactionist approach to this model should be explained (p. 112; 115; 118).
  • Input goes to Intake goes to Interlanguage goes to Output

Conversational and Academic Language Fluency

  • CALP and BICS from Cummins (p. 39-44) should have examples.
  • Context embedded and context reduced language is a continuum (p. 40-42).
  • Cognitively demanding language requires different thinking skills.
  • Language ability is needed to develop academic knowledge and skills.
  • Academic support uses bilingual education rather than Sheltered Instruction.
  • Freemen and Freemen's approach (p. 616-618).
  • Freeman & Freeman's approach in terms of BICS, CALP, & Academic knowledge & skills (iceberg metaphor) is important.

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