Linear and Circular Motion Quiz

Linear and Circular Motion

• Learning Outcomes:
  • Recall the requirements of unit systems in physics.
  • Learn fundamental units in physics.
  • Understand unit conversions and conversion factors.
  • Familiarize with scaling factors (kilo, micro, milli, nano, etc.).
  • Grasp accuracy, precision, and resolution of instruments.
  • Understand the concept of position.
  • Differentiate displacement and distance.
  • Calculate velocity and acceleration in linear motion.
  • Learn about angular motion.
  • Express angular velocity using equations.
  • Deduce the relationship between linear and angular velocity.
  • Differentiate frequency and period in circular motion.
  • Relate circular motion to the operation of a centrifuge.

Fundamental Physical Quantities

• SI Base Units:
  • Length: Measured in meters (m), defined as the distance light travels in a vacuum in 1/299,792,458 seconds.
  • Mass: Measured in kilograms (kg), the mass of the international prototype of the kilogram.
  • Time: Measured in seconds (s), the duration of 9,192,631,770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between two hyperfine levels of the ground state of cesium-133.
  • Electric Current: Measured in amperes (A), the constant current in two long parallel conductors.
  • Temperature: Measured in kelvin (K), 1/273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water.
  • Amount of Substance: Measured in moles (mol), the amount of substance containing as many entities as there are atoms in 0.012 kg of carbon-12.
  • Luminous Intensity: Measured in candelas (cd).

Unit Conversions

• Charts (Table B.2): Provide conversion factors for various units (length, time, speed, volume, energy, temperature, pressure, angle, force)

Length Scale Comparison

• A visual representation of different length scales, ranging from silicon atoms to spiral galaxies, using prefixes and powers of ten.

Position and Displacement

• Position: Requires a reference point, distance, and direction.
• Displacement: Change in position; calculated as final position minus initial position (Δx = xf – xi).

Displacement Versus Distance

• The magnitude of displacement isn't always equal to the total distance traveled.

Velocity

• Instantaneous Velocity: Calculated as the limit of displacement over time as the time interval approaches zero (vx = lim ∆t → 0 ∆x/∆t).

Difference Between Speed and Velocity

• Speed: Scalar, rate of covering distance, cannot be negative or zero.
• Velocity: Vector, rate of change of position (with direction).

Acceleration

• Acceleration: Rate of change of velocity.

Definition of Instantaneous Acceleration

• Instantaneous acceleration determined by the limit of the change in velocity over a very short time interval (ax = lim Δt → 0 Δvx/ Δt).

Circular Motion

• Uniform circular motion: Motion in a circle at a constant speed.
• Angular displacement: the angle an object travels in circular motion and is measured in radians.
• Angular velocity: the rate at which an object's angle changes in circular motion, measured in radians per second.
• Period and frequency: Period (T) is the time for one complete revolution; frequency (f) is the number of revolutions per unit time (f = 1/T). The units are Hertz (Hz).

Relation Between Linear and Angular Speed

• Linear speed relates to angular speed via the angular displacement (v = rω).

Centrifuge

• Separates mixtures based on density by applying centrifugal force.
• A device that rotates rapidly.