Lighting and Luminosity

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Questions and Answers

Which environment uses the highest wattage for its ambient lighting?

Bedroom (correct)

Laundry

Bathroom

Kitchen

What is the definition of lumen?

The efficiency of a light source

The amount of energy consumed by a light source

The color temperature of a light source

The measurement of visible light emitted by a source (correct)

What color temperature range is best for areas where relaxation is desired?

3100K - 4500K

2000K - 3000K (correct)

4600K - 6500K

7000K - 8000K

How many lumens correspond to approximately 150 watts?

1200-2000 lumens Signup and view all the answers

Which type of lamp was invented by a Swiss named Argand in 1783?

Argand Lamp Signup and view all the answers

Which light bulb type uses the least amount of energy (watts) for producing the same level of brightness?

LED Signup and view all the answers

How would a fluorescent lamp's wattage be calculated if a standard calculation requires 50 watts?

Divide the standard calculation by 5 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the highest color temperature range listed?

4600K - 6500K Signup and view all the answers

What type of lighting is best suited for basements and garages according to the content?

Cool White Signup and view all the answers

Which lighting condition requires the highest wattage according to the provided data?

Garage/Workshop Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between watts and lumens?

More lumens mean brighter light regardless of watts Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which the eye adjusts to a change in light level called?

Adaptation Signup and view all the answers

Which light appearance is described as cozy, calm, and inviting?

Warm White Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following light types uses 23 watts for operation?

CFL Signup and view all the answers

What device is used with HID and fluorescent lamps to establish the circuit conditions necessary to start and operate the lamp?

Ballast Signup and view all the answers

Which color temperature range is recommended for security lighting?

4600K - 6500K Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern that emerges time and again in sculpture?

The human form Signup and view all the answers

Which material would allow for more dynamism in sculpture?

Bronze Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes is time-consuming and painstaking in sculpture?

Subtractive process Signup and view all the answers

What impact does the type of material have in sculpture?

It dictates and directly affects the composition Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following materials allows for a more compact design in sculpture?

Stone Signup and view all the answers

Which of these materials is known to have logistical difficulties and expense in early 20th century Canadian sculpture?

Bronze Signup and view all the answers

How is sculpture generally perceived in terms of spatial awareness?

As a way to understand form and space Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the additive process in sculpture?

It involves adding materials repeatedly to build up the form. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a dimmer?

To manipulate the intensity of light from a lamp Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the emission of light during the absorption of radiation of a different wavelength?

Fluorescence Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of casting in bronze or other durable substances?

To obtain permanence for a modeled work Signup and view all the answers

What is diffuse reflection?

Light that appears scattered in various directions Signup and view all the answers

Who are credited with devising the collage technique?

Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of fiber optics in lighting?

To transmit light through flexible glass or plastic fibers using total internal reflection Signup and view all the answers

Which process is more widely employed in the casting process?

Lost-wax process Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the density of light on a surface?

Illuminance Signup and view all the answers

What is a raised form that projects from a background or surface called?

Relief sculpture Signup and view all the answers

Which device is used to block, diffuse, or redirect light?

Projector Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes glare caused by a bright spot of light, either by a reflector or a badly shaped luminaire?

Discomfort glare Signup and view all the answers

Which type of sculpture is made to be seen from many directions and angles?

Sculpture in the round Signup and view all the answers

What does a filter do in lighting?

Changes the quality of light affecting its magnitude and spectral make-up Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes a representationalist sculpture depicting a person from the chest up?

Bust Signup and view all the answers

What is the lowest degree of relief where the projection barely exceeds the thickness of a sheet of paper?

Crushed relief Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of hot liquid metals in the casting process?

They form complex shapes easily Signup and view all the answers

What unique characteristic does an assemblage sculpture typically exhibit?

It shows found objects in a new light. Signup and view all the answers

Primitive sculptures are known to date back to which time period?

Prehistoric times. Signup and view all the answers

What material was commonly used for making early primitive sculptures?

Soft stone and ivory. Signup and view all the answers

What did the Venus of Willendorf likely represent?

A fertility goddess. Signup and view all the answers

What technique was commonly used in Mesopotamian sculpture?

Abstract geometric designs. Signup and view all the answers

What items were common motifs in Mesopotamian relief carvings?

Lions and bulls. Signup and view all the answers

Which civilization is NOT part of the Mesopotamian period?

Egyptian. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following materials was commonly used for Mesopotamian sculptures?

Gold and silver. Signup and view all the answers

Which code of law is Hammurabi famous for?

Code of Hammurabi Signup and view all the answers

What material is believed to have been used to create the bearded head representing Hammurabi?

Diorite Signup and view all the answers

Who donated the Lamassu to the New York Metropolitan Museum of Art?

John D. Rockefeller, Jr. Signup and view all the answers

Egyptian colossal outdoor sculptures were designed primarily for which purpose?

To accompany or adorn the dead Signup and view all the answers

Which type of Egyptian sculpture is characterized as having the design made prominent by raising it from the background?

Bas relief Signup and view all the answers

What does the Law of Frontality decree about the body in Egyptian sculpture?

The body must not be twisted and must look straight ahead Signup and view all the answers

Which example is NOT an earliest example of Egyptian sculpture?

Lamassu Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is absent in Egyptian sculpture due to the Egyptians' love of living things?

Abstract forms Signup and view all the answers

What material was primarily used in Cycladic sculptures?

Marble Signup and view all the answers

Which sculptures are mainly associated with the Minoan civilization?

Statuettes of goddesses and seals Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of Archaic Sculpture?

The 'Archaic Smile' Signup and view all the answers

Which civilization's sculptures were heavily influenced by Egyptian sculpture?

Greek Signup and view all the answers

What is the main subject depicted in Greek sculptures?

Man Signup and view all the answers

Which material was mainly used for making Mycenaean sculptures?

Ivory Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to male statues from the Archaic period in Greek art?

Kouros Signup and view all the answers

What signifies the movement in Archaic Greek sculptures?

The Archaic Smile Signup and view all the answers

The best known Minoan sculpture, a goddess holding snakes, is made of what material?

Semi-precious stone Signup and view all the answers

What was a key characteristic of Greek male figures in sculpture?

One foot forward Signup and view all the answers

What material became the favorite medium of sculptors during the Early Classical period?

Bronze Signup and view all the answers

Which period of Greek art introduced the contrapposto pose?

Early Classical Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary concern of High Classical sculptors?

Achieving harmonious proportions Signup and view all the answers

Which sculptor wrote a book on theories of proportions and created the statue Doryphoros?

Polycleitus Signup and view all the answers

Who created the first great female nude statue, Aphrodite of Cnidus?

Praxiteles Signup and view all the answers

What significant change did Lysippus introduce in his sculptures?

Smaller heads in relation to the body Signup and view all the answers

Who was depicted in Lysippus' personality portraits that established a new type of sculpture?

Alexander the Great Signup and view all the answers

Which Late Classical monument was similar to the Great Pyramids and considered one of the Seven Wonders of the ancient world?

Mausoleum at Halicarnassus Signup and view all the answers

Which event marked the beginning of the Hellenistic period in Greek sculpture?

The death of Alexander the Great Signup and view all the answers

What was a notable trend in Hellenistic sculpture?

Development of female nudes Signup and view all the answers

Which sculptor designed and directed the building of the Parthenon?

Phidias Signup and view all the answers

Which sculptor is associated with the creation of the 'Zeus Chryselephantine'?

Phidias Signup and view all the answers

Myron was famous for which aspect of his sculptures?

Fixing moments of violent action Signup and view all the answers

Which technique is Praxiteles notably known for?

Implementing the Praxitelian Curve Signup and view all the answers

Who created the sculpture 'Doryphoros'?

Polycleitus Signup and view all the answers

What system of proportions did Polycleitus use in his sculptures?

The Canon Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Materials of Decoration

Lighting

A table is provided to explain the different lighting levels required for various tasks and areas, such as bedroom ambient, kitchen, and garage/workshop.
Watts and lumens are related but distinct measures of light:
- Watts measure the amount of energy used to produce light.
- Lumens measure the total quantity of visible light emitted.
A table is provided to convert watts to lumens.

Color Temperature

Color temperature is a measure of the light appearance provided by a light bulb, measured in degrees of Kelvin (K).
Different color temperatures are associated with different ambiances:
- Warm white (2000K-3000K): cozy, calm, and intimate.
- Cool white (3100K-4500K): bright, vibrant, and enhancing concentration.
- Daylight (4600K-6500K): crisp, invigorating, and mimicking natural daylight.

Glossary of Lighting Terms

28 terms related to lighting are defined, including:
- Argand lamp: a type of lamp invented in 1783.
- Ambient light: general light in a room, often indirect.
- Baffle: an opaque or translucent element used to shield a lamp or absorb unwanted light.
- Ballast: a device used to establish the circuit conditions necessary to start and operate a lamp.

Sculpture

Definition: a three-dimensional art form that provides an important visual way of understanding form and space.
Materials: sculpture can be made from various materials, including wood, clay, plastics, metal, and stone.
Processes and techniques:
- Additive process: building up a form by adding material, such as in clay modeling.
- Subtractive process: carving or removing material to create a form, such as in stone carving.
Casting:
- A process in which a liquid material is poured into a mold and allowed to solidify.
- Two methods: lost-wax process and sand-casting.

Kinds of Sculpture

Relief sculpture: a raised form or forms that project from a background or surface.
Sculpture in the round: a freestanding sculpture that is meant to be seen from multiple angles.
Assemblage: a sculpture constructed from found objects, often without disguising the original objects.

Historical Evolution of Sculpture

Primitive sculpture: small scale sculptures, often made of ivory or soft stone, date back to prehistoric times.
Mesopotamian sculpture: characterized by abstract geometric designs, formal images of elemental gods, and cylinder seals.
Egyptian sculpture: colossal outdoor sculptures, often made of granite, with a focus on the human figure, and characterized by the Law of Frontality.
Aegean sculpture: characterized by smaller-scale sculptures, often made of marble, with a focus on the human figure.
Greek sculpture: characterized by a focus on the human figure, with a progression from Archaic to Classical styles.

Greek Sculpture

Characterized by a focus on the human figure, with a progression from Archaic to Classical styles.
Archaic sculpture:
- Typified by frontal figures, flat and triangular in outline.
- Male form: Kouros, female form: Kore.
- Eyes are modeled with an oriental slant.
Classic sculpture:
- Early Classical: severe style, with an attempt to show the body in action or motion.
- Bronze became the favorite medium of sculptors.### Classical Greek Sculpture
In Classical Greek sculpture, the weight of the figure mainly rests on one leg, exemplifying contrapposto pose.
This period is characterized by a harmonious relationship between the various parts of the statue and the whole, achieving a sense of harmony.

High Classical Sculpture

Polycleitus of Argos wrote a book outlining his theories and created a statue of Doryphoros (Spear-bearer) to illustrate them.
He devised a precise numerical scheme to determine the proportions of the statue, representing a highly idealized conception of the male figure.
The statue features sharply defined muscles that do not mimic those of a real man.

Late Classical Sculpture

Praxiteles created the first great female nude, Aphrodite of Cnidus, which was the most famous Greek statue of its time.
The statue introduced gentle curves and relaxed poses, conveying gracefulness and sensuality.
Lysippus revised the ideal proportions of High Classical works, making the head of his statues smaller in relation to the body.
He created portraits of Alexander the Great, establishing a major new type of sculpture, the personality portrait.
The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus was a great monument of the Late Classical period, similar to the Great Pyramids and one of the Seven Wonders of the ancient world.

Hellenistic Sculpture

This period followed the death of Alexander the Great and was characterized by a loss of simplicity and ideal perfection of form, serenity, and restraint.
Artists chose subjects that people could relate to, depicting emotional or physical states, and developed the trend of female nudes, leading to creations like the Venus de Milo.

Notable Sculptors

Myron was famous for his boldness in capturing moments of violent action in bronze, exemplified in his Discobolus (the discus thrower).
Phidias was the greatest name in Greek Sculpture, designing and directing the building of the Parthenon and creating statues of gods that initiated the Greek Classical Style of Art.
Phidias created the Athena Parthenos in Athens and Zeus at the temple of Olympus, and his Zeus Chryselephantine was a sculpture done in ivory and adorned with gold.
Polycleitus used a scale of proportions known as the canon, which stated that the palm of the hand is 4x the breadth of the finger, and created the Doryphoros and Diadumenos.
Praxiteles was known for his delicate and luminous sculpting style, giving the body a sensuous texture, and implemented the Praxitelian Curve pose, which influenced many sculptures during the late Hellenic and into the Hellenistic Period.

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Description

This quiz covers the basics of lighting, including materials and their corresponding watts. It also introduces the concept of lumen, a unit of luminous flux.