Lifespan Development Stages

• Human development starts at conception and continues throughout life.
• Decline refers to negative changes leading to deterioration and degeneration.
• Development, according to Paul Baltes, is a lifelong process.
• The proximodistal pattern describes growth from the body's center outwards.
• Plasticity is the ability to change and adapt throughout life.
• Multidirectional development involves both increases and decreases in efficiency over time.
• Erikson proposed eight developmental stages, including infancy, adolescence, and late adulthood.
• The germinal stage of prenatal development lasts for 2 weeks.
• Adolescence is marked by physical changes.
• Selecting a mate is a developmental task of early adulthood, as per Havighurst.
• Late adulthood can be divided into young old and old old stages.
• Middle adulthood is often characterized by productivity in work and relationships.
• "Adolescence" refers to individuals aged 13-18 years.
• Retirement stage is NOT a stage in Santrock’s developmental theory.
• Adjusting to retirement is a task associated with later adulthood.
• Neonatal is NOT one of the periods of the prenatal stage.
• The nature vs. nurture debate concerns biology vs. environmental experiences.
• The continuity-discontinuity issue focuses on whether development is gradual or occurs in distinct stages.
• Family environment is part of the "nurture" aspect of the debate.
• A child learning to talk exemplifies cognitive development.
• Height and weight gain is an example of a biological influence on development.
• Social learning is best explained through learning through interactions.
• Effective learning considers individual differences.
• A child’s ability to distinguish right from wrong falls under moral development.
• A child’s social and emotional development is influenced by all of the above (Nutrition, Genetics, Family environment).
• Knowledge of child development helps teachers understand student needs at different ages.
• Intrinsic motivation refers to curiosity about a topic.
• "Social cognition" refers to how children develop relationships.
• Developmental psychology is important in education because it helps recognize different learning needs.
• Scaffolding in education offers temporary support to aid student learning.
• Motivation, socioeconomic background, and individual differences influence learning in a classroom setting.
• Emotional development is the ability to manage and express emotions.
• A child learning to cooperate and play with peers is developing socially.
• Cognitive development involves changes in thinking.
• Instruction modified to accommodate different learning styles shows awareness of individual differences in learning.
• Incorporating visual aids and manipulatives is the best strategy for a child who enjoys hands-on learning but struggles with abstract concepts.

Havighurst’s Six (6) Developmental Stages and Tasks

• Infancy and early childhood
• Middle childhood
• Adolescence
• Early adulthood
• Middle adulthood
• Later maturity

Eight (8) Developmental Stages by John W. Santrock

• Prenatal stage
• Infancy
• Early childhood
• Middle and late childhood
• Adolescence
• Early adulthood
• Middle adulthood
• Late adulthood

Five Characteristics of Human Development by Paul Baltes

• Development is lifelong
• Development is multidimensional
• Development is multidirectional
• Development is plastic (flexible)
• Development is influenced by multiple contexts

Three Major Issues in Human Development

• Nature vs. Nurture
• Continuity vs. Discontinuity
• Stability vs. Change

Three Periods of Prenatal Development

• Germinal period (0-2 weeks)
• Embryonic period (3-8 weeks)
• Fetal period (9 weeks-birth)