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Questions and Answers
Who is associated with the Classical Conditioning theory?
Who is associated with the Classical Conditioning theory?
Which theory suggests that people learn new behaviors by observing and imitating others?
Which theory suggests that people learn new behaviors by observing and imitating others?
What is the name of the theory that suggests that intelligence is the result of both nature and nurture?
What is the name of the theory that suggests that intelligence is the result of both nature and nurture?
What is the term for the genetic makeup of an individual?
What is the term for the genetic makeup of an individual?
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Which type of twins are formed when a single fertilized egg splits in two?
Which type of twins are formed when a single fertilized egg splits in two?
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What is the name of the project that aims to understand the role of genes in health and illness?
What is the name of the project that aims to understand the role of genes in health and illness?
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Which theory suggests that people develop in stages, with each stage building on the previous one?
Which theory suggests that people develop in stages, with each stage building on the previous one?
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Who is associated with the Sociocultural Theory?
Who is associated with the Sociocultural Theory?
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What is the characteristic of human development that refers to the fact that it is influenced by multiple factors?
What is the characteristic of human development that refers to the fact that it is influenced by multiple factors?
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What is the result of children whose biological parents with psychopathology receiving structured parenting from their adoptive parents?
What is the result of children whose biological parents with psychopathology receiving structured parenting from their adoptive parents?
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Which type of intelligence is defined as the ability to read and adapt to the contexts of everyday life?
Which type of intelligence is defined as the ability to read and adapt to the contexts of everyday life?
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What is the term for the study of the interaction between genes and environment in shaping behavior?
What is the term for the study of the interaction between genes and environment in shaping behavior?
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During which period of prenatal development does the fertilized egg undergo rapid cell division and growth?
During which period of prenatal development does the fertilized egg undergo rapid cell division and growth?
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What is the primary focus of Developmental Psychology?
What is the primary focus of Developmental Psychology?
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What is the term for the study of the effects of environmental factors on prenatal development?
What is the term for the study of the effects of environmental factors on prenatal development?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of human development?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of human development?
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What is the name of the assessment tool used to evaluate the health of a newborn at birth?
What is the name of the assessment tool used to evaluate the health of a newborn at birth?
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What is the main difference between Psychosexual Development and Psychosocial Development?
What is the main difference between Psychosexual Development and Psychosocial Development?
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What is the main theme of Chapter 1 of the course?
What is the main theme of Chapter 1 of the course?
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What is the process by which the brain forms new connections and reorganizes itself in response to experience?
What is the process by which the brain forms new connections and reorganizes itself in response to experience?
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What is the term for the process by which the brain establishes connections between neurons?
What is the term for the process by which the brain establishes connections between neurons?
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What is the name of the theory that proposes that human development is influenced by culture, history, economic, and political realities?
What is the name of the theory that proposes that human development is influenced by culture, history, economic, and political realities?
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What is the term for the reflexes that are present in infants and disappear as they develop motor skills?
What is the term for the reflexes that are present in infants and disappear as they develop motor skills?
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What is the main difference between Analytic Intelligence, Creative Intelligence, and Practical Intelligence?
What is the main difference between Analytic Intelligence, Creative Intelligence, and Practical Intelligence?
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What type of skills involve large muscle groups and whole body movements?
What type of skills involve large muscle groups and whole body movements?
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What is the term for the ability to remember and understand that objects continue to exist even when they are out of sight?
What is the term for the ability to remember and understand that objects continue to exist even when they are out of sight?
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According to Piaget, what is the stage of development characterized by the use of senses and motor skills to interact with the environment?
According to Piaget, what is the stage of development characterized by the use of senses and motor skills to interact with the environment?
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What is the term for the inability to recall memories from the first few years of life?
What is the term for the inability to recall memories from the first few years of life?
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What is the term for the way infants begin to communicate with their environment?
What is the term for the way infants begin to communicate with their environment?
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According to John Bowlby's Attachment Theory, what are the three stages of separation anxiety?
According to John Bowlby's Attachment Theory, what are the three stages of separation anxiety?
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What is the term for the way parents and infants influence each other's behavior?
What is the term for the way parents and infants influence each other's behavior?
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According to Erikson, what is the first stage of psychosocial development?
According to Erikson, what is the first stage of psychosocial development?
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Study Notes
Lifespan Development
- Development is multidimensional, lifelong, multidirectional, multidisciplinary, and multicontextual.
Characteristics of Human Development
- Development is multidimensional, involving physical, cognitive, and socio-emotional changes.
- Development is lifelong, spanning from conception to death.
- Development is multidirectional, meaning that it can progress and regress.
- Development is multidisciplinary, involving biology, psychology, sociology, and anthropology.
- Development is multicontextual, influenced by cultural, historical, economic, and political factors.
External Factors Affecting Human Development
- Cultural, historical, economic, and political realities shape human development.
- Human development is influenced by contexts such as family, school, and community.
Periods of Development
- There are multiple periods of development, including prenatal development, infancy, toddlerhood, early childhood, middle childhood, adolescence, young adulthood, middle adulthood, and late adulthood.
Theories of Development
- Psychosexual Development (Sigmund Freud): Focuses on the role of the unconscious mind and childhood experiences in shaping adult behavior.
- Psychosocial Development (Erik Erikson): Emphasizes the importance of social and cultural factors in shaping human development.
- Behavioral Theories (John Watson and B.F. Skinner): Focus on the role of environment and behavior in shaping human development.
- Cognitive Development (Jean Piaget): Emphasizes the role of active learning and constructivism in cognitive development.
- Sociocultural Theory (Lev Vygotsky): Focuses on the role of culture and social interaction in shaping human development.
- Bioecological Theory (Urie Bronfenbrenner): Emphasizes the importance of multiple levels of influence, from biological to societal, in shaping human development.
Heredity, Prenatal Development, and Birth
- The nature-nurture debate: The relative contributions of genetics and environment to human development.
- Heredity: The role of genes in shaping human development.
- Prenatal Development: The stages of development from conception to birth, including the germinal, embryonic, and fetal periods.
- Birth: The process of childbirth and the assessment of newborns.
Physical Development
- Overall physical growth and body proportions change dramatically during infancy and toddlerhood.
- Brain development during the first two years: Dendrites, synaptogenesis, primary motor areas, prefrontal cortex, lateralization, and neuroplasticity.
Motor Development
- Motor development reflexes: Rooting, sucking, swallowing, and grasping.
- Gross motor skills: Lifting the head, rolling, reaching, and crawling.
- Fine motor skills: Grasping, releasing, and manipulating objects.
Sensory Development
- Vision: Development of visual acuity, color vision, and depth perception.
- Hearing: Development of auditory system and speech recognition.
- Touch and pain: Development of tactile sensitivity and pain perception.
- Taste and smell: Development of gustatory and olfactory systems.
- Sleep and nutrition: Development of sleep patterns and nutritional needs.
Cognitive Development
- Piaget's Six Substages of the Sensorimotor Stage:
- Reflexes (0-1 month)
- Primary Circular Reactions (1-4 months)
- Secondary Circular Reactions (4-8 months)
- Coordination of Secondary Circular Reactions (8-12 months)
- Tertiary Circular Reactions (12-18 months)
- Invention of New Means Through Mental Combination (18-24 months)
- Object permanence: The understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of sight.
Language Development
- Newborn communication: Crying, cooing, and vocal play.
- Linguistic considerations: Critical periods, social pragmatics, and brain areas for language.
Psychosocial Development
- Temperament and infant emotions: The role of genetics and environment in shaping temperament.
- Forming attachments: Harlow's surrogate mother experiment, Bowlby's attachment theory, and Ainsworth's strange situation technique.
- Erikson's psychosocial stages: Trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. shame and doubt, and initiative vs. guilt.
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Description
Understand the fundamental principles of human development, including its multidimensional, lifelong, multidirectional, and multidisciplinary nature. Explore the characteristics of development across physical, cognitive, and socio-emotional changes.
