32 Questions
Who is associated with the Classical Conditioning theory?
Ivan Pavlov
Which theory suggests that people learn new behaviors by observing and imitating others?
Social Learning Theory
What is the name of the theory that suggests that intelligence is the result of both nature and nurture?
Nature VS Nurture
What is the term for the genetic makeup of an individual?
Genotype
Which type of twins are formed when a single fertilized egg splits in two?
Monozygotic Twins
What is the name of the project that aims to understand the role of genes in health and illness?
The Human Genome Project
Which theory suggests that people develop in stages, with each stage building on the previous one?
Cognitive Stage Theory
Who is associated with the Sociocultural Theory?
Lev Semenovich Vygotsky
What is the characteristic of human development that refers to the fact that it is influenced by multiple factors?
Multidimensional
What is the result of children whose biological parents with psychopathology receiving structured parenting from their adoptive parents?
They exhibit significantly fewer behavioral problems
Which type of intelligence is defined as the ability to read and adapt to the contexts of everyday life?
Practical Intelligence
What is the term for the study of the interaction between genes and environment in shaping behavior?
Behavioral Genetics
During which period of prenatal development does the fertilized egg undergo rapid cell division and growth?
Germinal Period
What is the primary focus of Developmental Psychology?
The study of human behavior across the lifespan
What is the term for the study of the effects of environmental factors on prenatal development?
Teratology
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of human development?
Static
What is the name of the assessment tool used to evaluate the health of a newborn at birth?
The Apgar
What is the main difference between Psychosexual Development and Psychosocial Development?
Psychosexual Development is a theory of Sigmund Freud, while Psychosocial Development is a theory of Erik Erikson
What is the main theme of Chapter 1 of the course?
Lifespan Development
What is the process by which the brain forms new connections and reorganizes itself in response to experience?
Neuroplasticity
What is the term for the process by which the brain establishes connections between neurons?
Synaptogenesis
What is the name of the theory that proposes that human development is influenced by culture, history, economic, and political realities?
Multicontextual Theory
What is the term for the reflexes that are present in infants and disappear as they develop motor skills?
Motor Development Reflexes
What is the main difference between Analytic Intelligence, Creative Intelligence, and Practical Intelligence?
Analytic Intelligence is used for problem-solving, Creative Intelligence is used for artistic tasks, and Practical Intelligence is used for everyday life
What type of skills involve large muscle groups and whole body movements?
Gross Motor Skills
What is the term for the ability to remember and understand that objects continue to exist even when they are out of sight?
Object Permanence
According to Piaget, what is the stage of development characterized by the use of senses and motor skills to interact with the environment?
Sensorimotor Stage
What is the term for the inability to recall memories from the first few years of life?
Infantile Amnesia
What is the term for the way infants begin to communicate with their environment?
Newborn Communication
According to John Bowlby's Attachment Theory, what are the three stages of separation anxiety?
Protest, Despair, Detachment
What is the term for the way parents and infants influence each other's behavior?
Bidirectional
According to Erikson, what is the first stage of psychosocial development?
Trust VS Mistrust
Study Notes
Lifespan Development
- Development is multidimensional, lifelong, multidirectional, multidisciplinary, and multicontextual.
Characteristics of Human Development
- Development is multidimensional, involving physical, cognitive, and socio-emotional changes.
- Development is lifelong, spanning from conception to death.
- Development is multidirectional, meaning that it can progress and regress.
- Development is multidisciplinary, involving biology, psychology, sociology, and anthropology.
- Development is multicontextual, influenced by cultural, historical, economic, and political factors.
External Factors Affecting Human Development
- Cultural, historical, economic, and political realities shape human development.
- Human development is influenced by contexts such as family, school, and community.
Periods of Development
- There are multiple periods of development, including prenatal development, infancy, toddlerhood, early childhood, middle childhood, adolescence, young adulthood, middle adulthood, and late adulthood.
Theories of Development
- Psychosexual Development (Sigmund Freud): Focuses on the role of the unconscious mind and childhood experiences in shaping adult behavior.
- Psychosocial Development (Erik Erikson): Emphasizes the importance of social and cultural factors in shaping human development.
- Behavioral Theories (John Watson and B.F. Skinner): Focus on the role of environment and behavior in shaping human development.
- Cognitive Development (Jean Piaget): Emphasizes the role of active learning and constructivism in cognitive development.
- Sociocultural Theory (Lev Vygotsky): Focuses on the role of culture and social interaction in shaping human development.
- Bioecological Theory (Urie Bronfenbrenner): Emphasizes the importance of multiple levels of influence, from biological to societal, in shaping human development.
Heredity, Prenatal Development, and Birth
- The nature-nurture debate: The relative contributions of genetics and environment to human development.
- Heredity: The role of genes in shaping human development.
- Prenatal Development: The stages of development from conception to birth, including the germinal, embryonic, and fetal periods.
- Birth: The process of childbirth and the assessment of newborns.
Physical Development
- Overall physical growth and body proportions change dramatically during infancy and toddlerhood.
- Brain development during the first two years: Dendrites, synaptogenesis, primary motor areas, prefrontal cortex, lateralization, and neuroplasticity.
Motor Development
- Motor development reflexes: Rooting, sucking, swallowing, and grasping.
- Gross motor skills: Lifting the head, rolling, reaching, and crawling.
- Fine motor skills: Grasping, releasing, and manipulating objects.
Sensory Development
- Vision: Development of visual acuity, color vision, and depth perception.
- Hearing: Development of auditory system and speech recognition.
- Touch and pain: Development of tactile sensitivity and pain perception.
- Taste and smell: Development of gustatory and olfactory systems.
- Sleep and nutrition: Development of sleep patterns and nutritional needs.
Cognitive Development
- Piaget's Six Substages of the Sensorimotor Stage:
- Reflexes (0-1 month)
- Primary Circular Reactions (1-4 months)
- Secondary Circular Reactions (4-8 months)
- Coordination of Secondary Circular Reactions (8-12 months)
- Tertiary Circular Reactions (12-18 months)
- Invention of New Means Through Mental Combination (18-24 months)
- Object permanence: The understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of sight.
Language Development
- Newborn communication: Crying, cooing, and vocal play.
- Linguistic considerations: Critical periods, social pragmatics, and brain areas for language.
Psychosocial Development
- Temperament and infant emotions: The role of genetics and environment in shaping temperament.
- Forming attachments: Harlow's surrogate mother experiment, Bowlby's attachment theory, and Ainsworth's strange situation technique.
- Erikson's psychosocial stages: Trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. shame and doubt, and initiative vs. guilt.
Understand the fundamental principles of human development, including its multidimensional, lifelong, multidirectional, and multidisciplinary nature. Explore the characteristics of development across physical, cognitive, and socio-emotional changes.
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