Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary focus of developmental psychologists?
What is the primary focus of developmental psychologists?
- Analyzing the impact of early childhood trauma.
- Studying mental disorders across the lifespan.
- Examining cognitive decline in older adults.
- Investigating lifelong growth and change. (correct)
Which of the following is an example of continuous development?
Which of the following is an example of continuous development?
- Experiencing distinct stages of moral reasoning.
- Gradually improving vocabulary skills. (correct)
- Learning to walk in stages.
- Progressing through Erikson's psychosocial stages.
How do stage theories explain developmental milestones?
How do stage theories explain developmental milestones?
- Development is unique to each individual and their environment.
- Development is determined by genetics and biological factors.
- Development is primarily influenced by cultural practices.
- Development follows a similar sequence for all children globally. (correct)
In the context of the nature vs. nurture debate, what does 'nurture' refer to?
In the context of the nature vs. nurture debate, what does 'nurture' refer to?
According to Freud's psychosexual theory, what could result from a lack of proper nurturance during a specific stage?
According to Freud's psychosexual theory, what could result from a lack of proper nurturance during a specific stage?
Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development posits that:
Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development posits that:
In Piaget's cognitive theory, what is 'accommodation'?
In Piaget's cognitive theory, what is 'accommodation'?
Which of Kohlberg's stages of moral development is characterized by a focus on obeying authority to maintain social order?
Which of Kohlberg's stages of moral development is characterized by a focus on obeying authority to maintain social order?
During which prenatal stage do organs begin to develop and function?
During which prenatal stage do organs begin to develop and function?
What is a teratogen?
What is a teratogen?
Which newborn reflex involves turning the head towards a touch on the cheek?
Which newborn reflex involves turning the head towards a touch on the cheek?
What is the difference between fine and gross motor skills?
What is the difference between fine and gross motor skills?
How does Baillargeon's research challenge Piaget's theory of cognitive development?
How does Baillargeon's research challenge Piaget's theory of cognitive development?
According to Harlow's research on attachment, what is the MOST critical component in forming a maternal-infant bond?
According to Harlow's research on attachment, what is the MOST critical component in forming a maternal-infant bond?
What is Bowlby's key concept of 'secure base' in attachment theory?
What is Bowlby's key concept of 'secure base' in attachment theory?
In Ainsworth's Strange Situation, a child who is distressed when the mother leaves but is happy upon her return is MOST likely exhibiting which attachment style?
In Ainsworth's Strange Situation, a child who is distressed when the mother leaves but is happy upon her return is MOST likely exhibiting which attachment style?
Which parenting style, according to Baumrind, involves reasonable demands, consistent limits, warmth, and listening to the child's point of view?
Which parenting style, according to Baumrind, involves reasonable demands, consistent limits, warmth, and listening to the child's point of view?
How does a child's temperament influence parenting style?
How does a child's temperament influence parenting style?
What physical changes mark adrenarche and gonadarche during adolescence?
What physical changes mark adrenarche and gonadarche during adolescence?
How does the continued development of the frontal lobe during adolescence influence behavior?
How does the continued development of the frontal lobe during adolescence influence behavior?
What is cognitive empathy, also known as 'theory of mind'?
What is cognitive empathy, also known as 'theory of mind'?
How does Erikson describe the primary psychosocial task of adolescence?
How does Erikson describe the primary psychosocial task of adolescence?
According to James Marcia, what is a key difference between identity moratorium and identity achievement?
According to James Marcia, what is a key difference between identity moratorium and identity achievement?
What is the BEST description of the 'imaginary audience' in Elkind's theory of adolescent egocentrism?
What is the BEST description of the 'imaginary audience' in Elkind's theory of adolescent egocentrism?
What defines 'emerging adulthood' as a distinct period of lifespan development?
What defines 'emerging adulthood' as a distinct period of lifespan development?
During early adulthood (20s-40s), what physical characteristic is usually at its peak?
During early adulthood (20s-40s), what physical characteristic is usually at its peak?
What is the difference between fluid and crystallized intelligence?
What is the difference between fluid and crystallized intelligence?
What aspect of work is MOST closely tied to well-being and job satisfaction during adulthood?
What aspect of work is MOST closely tied to well-being and job satisfaction during adulthood?
What does socioemotional selectivity theory suggest about social relationships in later adulthood?
What does socioemotional selectivity theory suggest about social relationships in later adulthood?
According to Kübler-Ross's stages of grief, what is the initial reaction to impending death or loss?
According to Kübler-Ross's stages of grief, what is the initial reaction to impending death or loss?
In Kübler-Ross's five stages of grief, what stage involves attempting to negotiate with a higher power or fate?
In Kübler-Ross's five stages of grief, what stage involves attempting to negotiate with a higher power or fate?
Which of the following is true regarding the stage of 'Acceptance' in Kubler-Ross's stages of grief?
Which of the following is true regarding the stage of 'Acceptance' in Kubler-Ross's stages of grief?
According to Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development, what fundamental question does an individual grapple with during the stage of "Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt"?
According to Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development, what fundamental question does an individual grapple with during the stage of "Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt"?
According to James Marcia’s four identity statuses, which status is characterized by exploration but a lack of commitment?
According to James Marcia’s four identity statuses, which status is characterized by exploration but a lack of commitment?
Which of the following represents a primary difference between Erikson’s and Freud’s theories of development?
Which of the following represents a primary difference between Erikson’s and Freud’s theories of development?
During which of Piaget's stages does a child develop the ability to understand abstract concepts and utilize abstract reasoning?
During which of Piaget's stages does a child develop the ability to understand abstract concepts and utilize abstract reasoning?
Which concept describes incorporating new information into an existing schema?
Which concept describes incorporating new information into an existing schema?
What is one potential cognitive effect that may present itself in a person who has been diagnosed with Fetal-Alcohol Syndrome?
What is one potential cognitive effect that may present itself in a person who has been diagnosed with Fetal-Alcohol Syndrome?
In which prenatal stage does Mitosis take place?
In which prenatal stage does Mitosis take place?
What does "Spermarche" refer to during Male adolescence?
What does "Spermarche" refer to during Male adolescence?
An infant who will not explore toys in the "Strange Situation" and becomes extremely disturbed or angry, even after the mother attempts to comfort them is displaying symptoms of what type of attachment?
An infant who will not explore toys in the "Strange Situation" and becomes extremely disturbed or angry, even after the mother attempts to comfort them is displaying symptoms of what type of attachment?
How do normative milestones provide a framework for understanding development?
How do normative milestones provide a framework for understanding development?
In the nature vs. nurture debate, which statement encapsulates the view that both are interactive forces in development?
In the nature vs. nurture debate, which statement encapsulates the view that both are interactive forces in development?
How do the stages of Freud's psychosexual theory MOST significantly differ from those of Erikson's psychosocial theory?
How do the stages of Freud's psychosexual theory MOST significantly differ from those of Erikson's psychosocial theory?
How does Piaget explain the process by which children change their existing ways of thinking to understand new information?
How does Piaget explain the process by which children change their existing ways of thinking to understand new information?
How does Kohlberg's theory of moral development extend Piaget's theory?
How does Kohlberg's theory of moral development extend Piaget's theory?
During prenatal development, what makes the embryonic stage (weeks 3-8) a critical period?
During prenatal development, what makes the embryonic stage (weeks 3-8) a critical period?
How are newborn reflexes like the rooting and sucking reflexes beneficial for survival?
How are newborn reflexes like the rooting and sucking reflexes beneficial for survival?
How does the 'pruning period' in nervous system development improve brain efficiency?
How does the 'pruning period' in nervous system development improve brain efficiency?
What critical adaptation contributes to the theory of mind in cognitive milestones?
What critical adaptation contributes to the theory of mind in cognitive milestones?
What distinguishes secure attachment from other attachment styles in Ainsworth's Strange Situation?
What distinguishes secure attachment from other attachment styles in Ainsworth's Strange Situation?
How does a difficult temperament in children typically affect parenting style?
How does a difficult temperament in children typically affect parenting style?
What is James Marcia's view of the adolescent stage?
What is James Marcia's view of the adolescent stage?
How does the personal fable contribute to increased risk-taking behaviors during adolescence?
How does the personal fable contribute to increased risk-taking behaviors during adolescence?
What societal factor is linked to the rise of emerging adulthood as a new developmental stage?
What societal factor is linked to the rise of emerging adulthood as a new developmental stage?
How does crystallized intelligence evolve as people age into or through adulthood?
How does crystallized intelligence evolve as people age into or through adulthood?
What factor in employment is MOST closely related to well-being and job satisfaction?
What factor in employment is MOST closely related to well-being and job satisfaction?
How does socioemotional selectivity theory explain shifts in older adults' social connections?
How does socioemotional selectivity theory explain shifts in older adults' social connections?
How might an individual in the 'bargaining' stage of grief, according to Kübler-Ross, express their feelings?
How might an individual in the 'bargaining' stage of grief, according to Kübler-Ross, express their feelings?
What does the 'acceptance' stage in Kübler-Ross's stages of grief focus heavily on?
What does the 'acceptance' stage in Kübler-Ross's stages of grief focus heavily on?
How do cultural backgrounds influence views on death?
How do cultural backgrounds influence views on death?
Lifespan development solely focuses on how people change and not on the aspects that remain constant throughout life.
Lifespan development solely focuses on how people change and not on the aspects that remain constant throughout life.
Normative psychologists establish 'norms' by studying small groups of children to determine the average ages when developmental milestones are achieved.
Normative psychologists establish 'norms' by studying small groups of children to determine the average ages when developmental milestones are achieved.
Social milestones like starting school, unlike biological milestones, remain uniform across different cultures.
Social milestones like starting school, unlike biological milestones, remain uniform across different cultures.
Continuous development views development as occurring in unique stages at specific times or ages.
Continuous development views development as occurring in unique stages at specific times or ages.
Cultural differences in child care practices are examples of evidence for multiple courses of development.
Cultural differences in child care practices are examples of evidence for multiple courses of development.
The debate between nature and nurture analyzes how personalities and traits are determined by astrological factors, dismissing genetic and environmental influences.
The debate between nature and nurture analyzes how personalities and traits are determined by astrological factors, dismissing genetic and environmental influences.
Freud's psychosexual theory posits that proper nurturance during each stage is irrelevant to a child's development.
Freud's psychosexual theory posits that proper nurturance during each stage is irrelevant to a child's development.
Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory suggests that personality continues to develop throughout the lifespan.
Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory suggests that personality continues to develop throughout the lifespan.
According to Piaget's cognitive theory, children adjust their schemata through a process called 'association'.
According to Piaget's cognitive theory, children adjust their schemata through a process called 'association'.
According to Kohlberg's theory, moral development consists of 5 stages.
According to Kohlberg's theory, moral development consists of 5 stages.
The Germinal stage, which occurs during weeks 1-2 of prenatal development, concludes with the formation of the embryo.
The Germinal stage, which occurs during weeks 1-2 of prenatal development, concludes with the formation of the embryo.
Mitosis is the process by which the zygote decreases the number of cells in preparation for organ development.
Mitosis is the process by which the zygote decreases the number of cells in preparation for organ development.
During the embryonic stage, toxic substances cannot affect the development of the embryo.
During the embryonic stage, toxic substances cannot affect the development of the embryo.
Alcohol consumption is not associated with fetal-alcohol syndrome.
Alcohol consumption is not associated with fetal-alcohol syndrome.
Newborn reflexes, such as the rooting reflex and grasping reflex, assist in the newborn's survival.
Newborn reflexes, such as the rooting reflex and grasping reflex, assist in the newborn's survival.
A newborn's vision is highly developed but their sense of smell is not.
A newborn's vision is highly developed but their sense of smell is not.
During the blooming period, neural pathways form thousands of new connections during childhood and adolescence.
During the blooming period, neural pathways form thousands of new connections during childhood and adolescence.
Fine motor skills involve large muscle groups, while gross motor skills involve smaller muscles in the fingers and toes.
Fine motor skills involve large muscle groups, while gross motor skills involve smaller muscles in the fingers and toes.
Studies by Baillargeon (1987) support Piaget's theory that children's ability to understand objects develops gradually.
Studies by Baillargeon (1987) support Piaget's theory that children's ability to understand objects develops gradually.
By the age of 10 months, an infant is expected to understand the concept of object permanence.
By the age of 10 months, an infant is expected to understand the concept of object permanence.
According to Bowlby, a secure base refers to the caregiver's ability to provide financial security for the child.
According to Bowlby, a secure base refers to the caregiver's ability to provide financial security for the child.
Harry Harlow's monkey experiments demonstrated that feelings of comfort and security are less important than nourishment in maternal-infant bonding.
Harry Harlow's monkey experiments demonstrated that feelings of comfort and security are less important than nourishment in maternal-infant bonding.
In Ainsworth's Strange Situation, a child with avoidant attachment will be greatly distressed when the mother leaves and relieved when she returns.
In Ainsworth's Strange Situation, a child with avoidant attachment will be greatly distressed when the mother leaves and relieved when she returns.
A child's self-concept primarily develops during adolescence and is not present in early childhood.
A child's self-concept primarily develops during adolescence and is not present in early childhood.
Permissive parenting styles involve parents who place a high value on conformity and obedience, often being rigid with their children.
Permissive parenting styles involve parents who place a high value on conformity and obedience, often being rigid with their children.
Children with an easy temperament are less likely to elicit warm and responsive parenting.
Children with an easy temperament are less likely to elicit warm and responsive parenting.
Adrenarche and Gonadarche signal the start of cognitive development in adolescents.
Adrenarche and Gonadarche signal the start of cognitive development in adolescents.
Teenage thinking enhances logical reasoning and solving hypothetical problems.
Teenage thinking enhances logical reasoning and solving hypothetical problems.
During adolescence, peer relationships increase, but relationships with parents remain the central focus.
During adolescence, peer relationships increase, but relationships with parents remain the central focus.
Erik Erikson suggests that adolescents may experiment as part of the identity versus role confusion stage.
Erik Erikson suggests that adolescents may experiment as part of the identity versus role confusion stage.
James Marcia agreed with Erikson's psychosocial theory on adolescent identity.
James Marcia agreed with Erikson's psychosocial theory on adolescent identity.
Achievement is defined as a delay or holding pattern; no definite commitments, yet.
Achievement is defined as a delay or holding pattern; no definite commitments, yet.
According to Elkind’s Theory of Adolescent Egocentrism, teenagers are unable to understand other people's thoughts.
According to Elkind’s Theory of Adolescent Egocentrism, teenagers are unable to understand other people's thoughts.
A sense of invulnerability can result in increased emotional outbursts as adolescents become more aware of consequences for their actions.
A sense of invulnerability can result in increased emotional outbursts as adolescents become more aware of consequences for their actions.
Emerging adulthood is a new lifespan development period focused on identity exploration in work and relationships.
Emerging adulthood is a new lifespan development period focused on identity exploration in work and relationships.
During the stage of middle adulthood physical changes don't occur.
During the stage of middle adulthood physical changes don't occur.
Fluid intelligence, involving information processing, improves steadily throughout adulthood.
Fluid intelligence, involving information processing, improves steadily throughout adulthood.
According to Elisabeth Kübler-Ross, acceptance is the first stage of approaching death.
According to Elisabeth Kübler-Ross, acceptance is the first stage of approaching death.
During the Depression stage of grief, individuals begin to accept facts, information and reality.
During the Depression stage of grief, individuals begin to accept facts, information and reality.
Cultural viewpoints do not influence the way individuals view death.
Cultural viewpoints do not influence the way individuals view death.
Biological milestones, like starting school age, are universal across all cultures.
Biological milestones, like starting school age, are universal across all cultures.
Continuous development views human development as occurring in unique stages.
Continuous development views human development as occurring in unique stages.
The nature versus nurture debate only considers how our personalities and traits are shaped by our environment.
The nature versus nurture debate only considers how our personalities and traits are shaped by our environment.
Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory posits that personality development only occurs during childhood.
Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory posits that personality development only occurs during childhood.
According to Piaget, accommodation is the process of incorporating new information into existing schemata.
According to Piaget, accommodation is the process of incorporating new information into existing schemata.
In Kohlberg's theory of moral development, the post-conventional level is characterized by behavior driven by avoiding punishment.
In Kohlberg's theory of moral development, the post-conventional level is characterized by behavior driven by avoiding punishment.
The placenta connects the uterus to the embryo and provides nourishment and oxygen via the umbilical cord.
The placenta connects the uterus to the embryo and provides nourishment and oxygen via the umbilical cord.
Mothers are encouraged to avoid prenatal care during pregnancy so as not to potentially harm the fetus.
Mothers are encouraged to avoid prenatal care during pregnancy so as not to potentially harm the fetus.
The rooting reflex in newborns involves sucking on objects placed by the mouth.
The rooting reflex in newborns involves sucking on objects placed by the mouth.
Fine motor skills involve large muscle groups that control arms and legs.
Fine motor skills involve large muscle groups that control arms and legs.
A secure base gives a child a sense of safety as he explores his surroundings.
A secure base gives a child a sense of safety as he explores his surroundings.
Harlow's monkey experiments demonstrated that dispensing milk is the most critical part of maternal infant bonding.
Harlow's monkey experiments demonstrated that dispensing milk is the most critical part of maternal infant bonding.
According to Ainsworth, secure attachment is demonstrated by a child who behaves oddly around their caregiver.
According to Ainsworth, secure attachment is demonstrated by a child who behaves oddly around their caregiver.
Baumrind's permissive parenting style involves parents placing a high value on conformity and obedience.
Baumrind's permissive parenting style involves parents placing a high value on conformity and obedience.
According to Erikson, adolescents are in the industry versus inferiority stage.
According to Erikson, adolescents are in the industry versus inferiority stage.
According to Elkind's theory of adolescent egocentrism, adolescents often understand that others share their preoccupations.
According to Elkind's theory of adolescent egocentrism, adolescents often understand that others share their preoccupations.
According to James Marcia, 'Identity Diffusion' is 'going through crisis'.
According to James Marcia, 'Identity Diffusion' is 'going through crisis'.
Adrenarche refers to the maturing of the sex glands during adolescence.
Adrenarche refers to the maturing of the sex glands during adolescence.
Fluid intelligence, characterized by accumulated knowledge and experience, typically increases with age.
Fluid intelligence, characterized by accumulated knowledge and experience, typically increases with age.
Elisabeth Kubler-Ross stated that everyone who is dying or experiences a loss goes through 7 stages of grief.
Elisabeth Kubler-Ross stated that everyone who is dying or experiences a loss goes through 7 stages of grief.
How do stage theories explain the universality of development in children?
How do stage theories explain the universality of development in children?
How can cultural child care practices affect developmental milestones?
How can cultural child care practices affect developmental milestones?
What is the central idea behind the nature vs. nurture debate in developmental psychology?
What is the central idea behind the nature vs. nurture debate in developmental psychology?
What is the potential impact of maternal alcohol consumption on a developing fetus?
What is the potential impact of maternal alcohol consumption on a developing fetus?
How does assimilation in Piaget's theory facilitate cognitive development?
How does assimilation in Piaget's theory facilitate cognitive development?
How does accommodation contribute to cognitive change according to Piaget?
How does accommodation contribute to cognitive change according to Piaget?
What is the significance of the research by Harlow on attachment in monkeys?
What is the significance of the research by Harlow on attachment in monkeys?
According to Bowlby's attachment theory, what are the key factors required for forming healthy attachments?
According to Bowlby's attachment theory, what are the key factors required for forming healthy attachments?
In the context of the Strange Situation experiment, what behaviors might you observe in a child with avoidant attachment?
In the context of the Strange Situation experiment, what behaviors might you observe in a child with avoidant attachment?
How do adolescents reconcile the values and roles expected by their parents with their own emerging identities and peer influences?
How do adolescents reconcile the values and roles expected by their parents with their own emerging identities and peer influences?
How are fluid and crystallized intelligence affected differently by age?
How are fluid and crystallized intelligence affected differently by age?
In what ways can cultural background influence the experience and expression of grief?
In what ways can cultural background influence the experience and expression of grief?
What is the significance of the placenta in prenatal development?
What is the significance of the placenta in prenatal development?
What is the timing and milestone of the Germinal Stage of prenatal development?
What is the timing and milestone of the Germinal Stage of prenatal development?
What is the definition of a Teratogen?
What is the definition of a Teratogen?
What are newborns' reflexes and their importance during development?
What are newborns' reflexes and their importance during development?
Describe 'Blooming' and 'Pruning' periods within the nervous system.
Describe 'Blooming' and 'Pruning' periods within the nervous system.
What is the difference between fine motor skills and gross motor skills?
What is the difference between fine motor skills and gross motor skills?
How do early childhood experiences shape cognitive milestones, such as language development and problem-solving skills?
How do early childhood experiences shape cognitive milestones, such as language development and problem-solving skills?
Describe the experiment that Baillargeon did in 1987.
Describe the experiment that Baillargeon did in 1987.
Theorize the effect of neglect on parent attachments.
Theorize the effect of neglect on parent attachments.
How does self-concept impact social behavior?
How does self-concept impact social behavior?
How can parenting style depend on the temperament of a child?
How can parenting style depend on the temperament of a child?
Provide a summary of puberty.
Provide a summary of puberty.
During adolescence, the frontal lobe continues to develope; how does this affect judgement and impulse control?
During adolescence, the frontal lobe continues to develope; how does this affect judgement and impulse control?
What did Elkind (1967) suggest about personal thoughts?
What did Elkind (1967) suggest about personal thoughts?
Why are people taking longer to grow up?
Why are people taking longer to grow up?
How do physical abilities change during early, middle, and late adulthood?
How do physical abilities change during early, middle, and late adulthood?
What should be kept in mind when considering the stages of grief?
What should be kept in mind when considering the stages of grief?
How is Erik Erikson's theory different from Sigmund Freud's theory?
How is Erik Erikson's theory different from Sigmund Freud's theory?
What does it mean to say that development can be continuous or discontinuous?
What does it mean to say that development can be continuous or discontinuous?
What are norms, in the context of lifespan development?
What are norms, in the context of lifespan development?
According to Erikson, what is the developmental challenge that takes place during adolescence?
According to Erikson, what is the developmental challenge that takes place during adolescence?
During Piaget's Concrete Operational stage, what type of new thinking is developed?
During Piaget's Concrete Operational stage, what type of new thinking is developed?
Describe Kohlberg's Level 1 of Moral Development.
Describe Kohlberg's Level 1 of Moral Development.
What is the difference between the Imaginary Audence and the Personal Fable?
What is the difference between the Imaginary Audence and the Personal Fable?
As we age, how does our social support change?
As we age, how does our social support change?
Describe the Denial stage of grief.
Describe the Denial stage of grief.
What did James Marcia suggest about Erikson's Adolescent stage?
What did James Marcia suggest about Erikson's Adolescent stage?
Differentiate between continuous and discontinuous development, providing an example of each.
Differentiate between continuous and discontinuous development, providing an example of each.
Explain the core difference between ‘nature’ and ‘nurture’ in the context of lifespan development.
Explain the core difference between ‘nature’ and ‘nurture’ in the context of lifespan development.
How would Freud explain an adult's excessive smoking habit based on his psychosexual theory?
How would Freud explain an adult's excessive smoking habit based on his psychosexual theory?
In Erikson's psychosocial theory, what is the central conflict during adolescence, and how does its resolution impact an individual?
In Erikson's psychosocial theory, what is the central conflict during adolescence, and how does its resolution impact an individual?
Describe how assimilation and accommodation work together in Piaget's theory to facilitate cognitive development.
Describe how assimilation and accommodation work together in Piaget's theory to facilitate cognitive development.
How might a child in Kohlberg's 'pre-conventional' stage of moral development justify stealing food to feed their starving family?
How might a child in Kohlberg's 'pre-conventional' stage of moral development justify stealing food to feed their starving family?
Explain the significance of mitosis during the germinal stage of prenatal development.
Explain the significance of mitosis during the germinal stage of prenatal development.
How does the concept of 'teratogen' relate to prenatal care, and what are some examples of teratogens?
How does the concept of 'teratogen' relate to prenatal care, and what are some examples of teratogens?
Describe how a newborn's rooting reflex demonstrates an adaptive behavior for survival.
Describe how a newborn's rooting reflex demonstrates an adaptive behavior for survival.
Explain the difference between fine motor skills and gross motor skills, providing an example of each.
Explain the difference between fine motor skills and gross motor skills, providing an example of each.
How did Baillargeon's research challenge Piaget's original thoughts on cognitive development in children?
How did Baillargeon's research challenge Piaget's original thoughts on cognitive development in children?
What are the key components required for a healthy attachment, according to Bowlby's attachment theory?
What are the key components required for a healthy attachment, according to Bowlby's attachment theory?
Describe the primary differences in behavior between a child with a 'secure' attachment style and one with an 'avoidant' attachment style in Ainsworth's Strange Situation.
Describe the primary differences in behavior between a child with a 'secure' attachment style and one with an 'avoidant' attachment style in Ainsworth's Strange Situation.
How do authoritative and authoritarian parenting styles differ in their approach to discipline and child-rearing?
How do authoritative and authoritarian parenting styles differ in their approach to discipline and child-rearing?
Explain how a child's temperament can influence the style of parenting they receive.
Explain how a child's temperament can influence the style of parenting they receive.
During adolescence, how does the continued development of the frontal lobe impact behavior and decision-making?
During adolescence, how does the continued development of the frontal lobe impact behavior and decision-making?
Describe the concept of 'imaginary audience' in Elkind's theory of adolescent egocentrism, and give an example.
Describe the concept of 'imaginary audience' in Elkind's theory of adolescent egocentrism, and give an example.
Differentiate between James Marcia's identity statuses of 'foreclosure' and 'moratorium' in adolescent development.
Differentiate between James Marcia's identity statuses of 'foreclosure' and 'moratorium' in adolescent development.
Besides an active lifestyle and good nutrition, what are a couple of other things someone can do to delay cognitive decline in late adulthood?
Besides an active lifestyle and good nutrition, what are a couple of other things someone can do to delay cognitive decline in late adulthood?
Describe what is meant by the stage of denial, as proposed by Kubler-Ross in her 5 stages of grief.
Describe what is meant by the stage of denial, as proposed by Kubler-Ross in her 5 stages of grief.
Flashcards
Lifespan Development
Lifespan Development
Lifespan development studies how individuals change and remain the same throughout life.
Physical Development
Physical Development
Growth and changes in the body and brain, senses, motor skills, and overall health.
Cognitive Development
Cognitive Development
Learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity.
Psychosocial Development
Psychosocial Development
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Continuous Development
Continuous Development
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Discontinuous Development
Discontinuous Development
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Sigmund Freud
Sigmund Freud
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Erik Erikson
Erik Erikson
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Piaget's Cognitive Theory
Piaget's Cognitive Theory
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Assimilation
Assimilation
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Accommodation
Accommodation
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Kohlberg's Moral Development
Kohlberg's Moral Development
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Germinal Stage
Germinal Stage
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Embryonic Stage
Embryonic Stage
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Fetal Stage
Fetal Stage
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Newborn reflexes
Newborn reflexes
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Rooting Reflex
Rooting Reflex
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Sucking Reflex
Sucking Reflex
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Blooming period
Blooming period
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Pruning period
Pruning period
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Motor skills
Motor skills
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Fine motor skills
Fine motor skills
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Gross motor skills
Gross motor skills
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Psychosocial Development
Psychosocial Development
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Attachment
Attachment
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Secure Base
Secure Base
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Secure Attachment
Secure Attachment
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Avoidant Attachment
Avoidant Attachment
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Resistant Attachment
Resistant Attachment
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Disorganized Attachment
Disorganized Attachment
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Temperament
Temperament
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Adrenarche
Adrenarche
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Gonadarche
Gonadarche
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Menarche
Menarche
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Spermarche
Spermarche
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Cognitive Development
Cognitive Development
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Cognitive Empathy
Cognitive Empathy
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Psychosocial Development
Psychosocial Development
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Identity Diffusion
Identity Diffusion
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Foreclosure
Foreclosure
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Moratorium
Moratorium
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Achievement
Achievement
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Adolescent egocentrism
Adolescent egocentrism
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Psychosocial Development In adulthood
Psychosocial Development In adulthood
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Elisabeth Kubler-Ross
Elisabeth Kubler-Ross
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Denial stage of grief
Denial stage of grief
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Anger stage of grief
Anger stage of grief
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Bargaining stage of grief
Bargaining stage of grief
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Depression stage of grief
Depression stage of grief
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Acceptance stage of grief
Acceptance stage of grief
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What is lifespan development?
What is lifespan development?
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What is normative approach?
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What is Nature?
What is Nature?
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What is Nurture?
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What is the Placenta?
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What is a Teratogen?
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What is Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)?
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What is the Blooming period?
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What is temperament?
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What is Easy temperament?
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What is Difficult temperament?
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What is Adrenarche?
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What is Gonadarche?
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Personal fable
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What is Emerging adulthood?
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What is Crystalized intelligence?
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What is Fluid intelligence?
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What is Socioemotional Selectivity Theory?
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What is Continuous Development?
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What is Freud's Psychosexual Theory?
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What are Schemata?
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What are Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development?
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What is Pre-Conventional Morality?
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What is Conventional Morality?
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What are Teratogens?
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What is the Moro Reflex?
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What is Authoritative Parenting?
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What is Authoritarian Parenting?
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What is Permissive Parenting?
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What is Uninvolved Parenting?
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What is Adolescent Egocentrism?
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Study Notes
- Lifespan development explores how individuals change and stay the same throughout life.
Domains of Development
- Lifelong development is studied across three domains
- Physical development involves growth and changes in the body/brain, senses, motor skills, and overall health
- Cognitive development encompasses learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity
- Psychosocial development includes emotions, personality, and social relationships
Normative Approach
- Normative psychologists determine "normal" development by studying large groups of children
- Norms represent the average ages at which children achieve developmental milestones, such as crawling, walking, speaking in sentences, and starting puberty
- Biological milestones like puberty tend to be universal
- Social milestones like starting school can vary across cultures
Continuous vs. Discontinuous Development
- Continuous development regards development as a cumulative process of gradual skill improvement, for instance, steadily gaining height each year
- Discontinuous development views development as occurring in distinct stages at specific times or ages
Universal vs. Individual Development
- Stage theories posit that development follows a universal sequence
- Studies suggest children worldwide reach language milestones in a similar order, supporting a universal course of development
- Cultural differences in child care practices can accelerate or inhibit the achievement of developmental milestones, suggesting multiple courses of development
Nature vs. Nurture
- Nature refers to biology and genetics that influence development
- Nurture encompasses the environment and culture that shape development
- The nature vs. nurture debate examines the relative influence of genetics and environment on personality and traits
- Questions about nature vs nurture can be addressed by looking at the interaction between both.
- Twin and adoption studies are used to investigate the interaction between nature and nurture
- Both nature and nurture are important in development but psychologists debate the relative contributions of each
Theories of Development
- Psychosexual theory (Sigmund Freud)
- Psychosocial theory (Erik Erikson)
- Adolescent psychosocial theory (James Marcia)
- Cognitive theory (Jean Piaget)
- Theory of moral development (Lawrence Kohlberg)
Freud's Psychosexual Theory
- Childhood experiences shape adult personalities and behavior
- Development is discontinuous
- Stages of psychosexual development exist
- Lack of nurturance during a stage leads to fixation
- Children's pleasure-seeking focuses on different erogenous zones across five stages
- The five stages include: Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital
Erikson's Psychosocial Theory
- Emphasizes the social nature of development
- Personality development occurs across the lifespan
- Social interactions impact the sense of self (ego identity)
- Mastery of psychosocial tasks leads to a sense of competence
- Consists of 8 Stages
Erikson's Psychosocial Stages of Development
- Trust vs. Mistrust (0-1 year): Meeting basic needs leads to trust
- Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt (1-3 years): Developing independence
- Initiative vs. Guilt (3-6 years): Taking initiative in activities
- Industry vs. Inferiority (7-11 years): Developing self-confidence
- Identity vs. Confusion (12-18 years): Experimenting with identity and roles
- Intimacy vs. Isolation (19-29 years): Establishing intimate relationships
- Generativity vs. Stagnation (30-64 years): Contributing to society and family
- Integrity vs. Despair (65+ years): Assessing life and meaning of contributions
Piaget's Cognitive Theory
- Focuses on children's cognitive growth
- Cognitive abilities develop through specific stages
- Children develop schemata to understand the world
- Schemata are adjusted through assimilation and accommodation
- Assimilation incorporates new information into existing schemata
- Accommodation changes schemata based on new information
Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development
- Sensorimotor (0-2 years) with key developmental issues of object permanence and stranger anxiety
- Preoperational (2-6 years) using words/images, pretend play, egocentrism, and language development
- Concrete operational (7-11 years) understanding concrete events and analogies logically, conversation and mathematical transformations
- Formal operational (12+ years) conducting formal operations, abstract logic, and moral reasoning
Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development
- Identified 3 stages of moral development, discerning right from wrong
Prenatal Development: Germinal Stage (Weeks 1-2)
- Conception occurs through sperm fertilizing an egg
- The new zygote (one-cell structure) is created
- Mitosis is a process of cell division
- The zygote divides and cells specialize to become organs and body parts
Prenatal Development: Embryonic Stage (Weeks 3-8)
- The zygote travels down the fallopian tubes and implants.
- The zygote becomes an embryo.
- Organs begin to function, especially the heart with its initial beat
- Basic structures form the head, chest, and abdomen.
- The Placenta emerges as a structure connected to the uterus, providing nutrients and oxygen to the embryo through the umbilical cord
Prenatal Development: Fetal Stage (Weeks 9-40)
- The baby's brain develops, and the body grows in size and weight until the fetus is at full-term development
Prenatal Influences
- Genetic and environmental factors affect development during each prenatal stage
- Mothers should receive prenatal care to monitor their health and that of the fetus
- Teratogens are environmental agents that cause damage to the developing embryo or fetus, and these can include: Alcohol, Smoking, Drugs, Radiation, and Viruses
Prenatal Influences: Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
- This syndrome is a collection of birth defects associated with heavy alcohol consumption during pregnancy
- Alcohol is the leading preventable cause of intellectual disability
- Traits consist of: Small head size, Abnormal facial features, Poor judgement, Poor impulse control, Higher rates of ADHD, Learning issues, and Lower IQ scores
Newborns
- Newborn reflexes are inborn automatic responses that aid survival which include: Rooting, Sucking, and Grasping
- Moro reflex includes spreading arms and pulling them back when startled
- Sensory abilities are not fully developed at birth
- Vision is the least developed sense, and newborns prefer human voices, especially their mother's
- Can distinguish between the smell of their mother and others
Physical Development: Growth
- Growth occurs rapidly during infancy, and slows down around ages 4-6
- Girls experience a growth spurt around ages 8/9 to 12
Physical Development: Nervous System
- The blooming period involves neural pathways forming thousands of new connections
- Throughout, the pruning period consists of neural connections being reduced during childhood and adolescence
- The size of the brain increases rapidly, especially the frontal lobe during ages 3-6
- The brain measures 55% of adult size at age 2, and 90% of adult size at age 6
Physical Development: Motor Development
- Motor skills are the ability to move bodies and manipulate objects that occur in an orderly sequence
- Fine motor skills focus on smaller muscles by enabling coordination
- Gross motor skills focus on large muscle groups by enabling larger movements
Cognitive Development
- Piaget thought children would not be able to fully grasp what objects are until physical interaction
- But developmental psychologists think that Piaget was incorrect with his theory
- Baillargeon (1987) found children can tell the difference between possible and impossible events
Cognitive Development includes Cognitive Milestones
- 6-9 months: can shake their head “no”
- 9-12 months: respond to verbal requests
- 8 months: understand object permanence
- Toddlers can understand that someone can leave and come back
- 3-5 years: learn to count, know name, colors, and age, make small decisions, use pretending, ask "why?"
- 6-11 years: thinking becomes logical and organized, understanding past, present, future, and cause-and-effect relationships
- Attention span is limited until approximately age 11
Psychosocial Development: Attachment
- Psychosocial development describes how children form relationships, interact with others, and manage their emotions
- Attachment is a long-standing bond with others
- Forming attachments is a main psychosocial milestone in infancy
- Harry Harlow, John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth conducted influential studies on the subject
Psychosocial Development: Harlow's Studies
- Separated newborn monkeys from mothers, and presented surrogate mothers made of wire or cloth
- Monkeys spent more time clinging to the cloth monkey instead of the wire
- It can be concluded that feeling comfort and security are critical to maternal-infant bonding
Psychosocial Development: Bowlby's Attachment Theory
- Theorized attachment as an emotional bond between the infant and mother
- A bond is only made with a primary caregiver to ensure normal social and emotional development
- Views attachment as an all-or-nothing process
- A secure base is a parental presence that gives the child a sense of security
- Healthy attachment occurs when the caregiver is responsive to all needs and the parent can interact with the child in a positive way
Psychosocial Development: Mary Ainsworth's Strange Situation
- Examined what makes bonds develop the way they do
- Ainsworth placed infants into a room with toys and monitored their behavior
- Ainsworth discovered three (and later four) styles of attachment: secure, resistant, avoidant, disorganized
Styles of Attachment
- Secure: A child recognizes the caregiver as a secure base, and can explore when present and be distressed when the caregiver leaves
- Avoidant: A child does not care when the caregiver is present, and is slow to show any sign of reaction
- Resistant: A child will cling to another, but reject acts of interaction
- Disorganized: A child will show odd behavior or act abusively towards a caregiver present
Psychosocial Development: Self-Concept
- Self-concept is the main psychosocial milestone of childhood
- Children with a positive self-concept are more confident, independent, and perform better in school
- At 18 months a baby can recognize themselves in the mirror, and 24-46 months in a photo
- Social skills enhance with each developmental stage
Psychosocial Development: Parenting Styles
- Baumrind (1971) examined the factor parenting has on self-esteem
- Authoritative style: Parents are attentive to their children and meet needs
- Authoritarian style: Parents are rigid and lack warmth
- Permissive style: Parents allow freedom
- Uninvolved style: Parents are indifferent
Psychosocial Development: Temperament
- Parenting style is affected by the child's temperament
- Temperament are natural traits that influence behaviors/reactions
- Easy temperament consists of positive emotions, adaptation, and regulatory abilities
- Difficult temperament consists of negative emotions, changing problems, and poor regulation
Adolescence
- Peers are a primary influence in this stage of development
Physical Development in Adolescence
- Adrenarche is the maturing of adrenal glands
- Gonadarche is the maturing of sex glands
- Secondary sexual characteristics develop
- Menarche begins with menstrual periods, spermarche is first ejaculation
- Growth Spurts occur in sex sexes
- Girls reach full height by 16, and boys by 17
Physical Development in Adolescence
- The brain grows until early 20s
- The frontal lobe is in charge of planning and impulse control
- Adolescents engage in increased risk-taking behaviors and emotional outbursts
Cognitive Development in Adolescence
- Teenagers are able to use logic and solve hypothetical problems
- Some theorize teens can reason better due to an increased mental capacity and processing speed
- Cognitive empathy is the theory of mind, allowing individuals to take the perspective of others and feel concern.
- This increases adolescence
- This is an important part of solving a conflict and problems
Psychosocial Development in Adolescence
- The sense of self is refined as a factor of relating it to others
- One may begin to question "Who am I?" and "Who do I want to be?"
- Teens experiment with identities and this is a time of "identity vs role confusion"
Marcia's Adolescent Psychosocial Developmental Theory: James Marcia
- Marcia elaborated on Erikson's theory and disagreed by stating that this is not "identity resolution" but a time of crisis
- Crisis- old values or choices are being reedited, resulting in a commitment
- Identity Diffusion: lacks direction, unexplored alternatives, apathy
- Foreclosure: accepting a readymade identity
- Moratorium: trying new activities, gathering information
- Achievement: knowing and feeling self-worth, sameness through time
Theory of Adolescent Egocentrism: David Elkind
- Elkind suggested that adolescents know other peoples thoughts, but have their own thoughts and preoccuptiations
- The imaginary audience involves believing others are watching actions
- The personal fable is believing one has a privileged supernatural position
Theory of Adolescent Egocentrism: Personal Fable
- Adolescents may think thoughts, feelings, and experiences are more strong and unique than anyone else's
- Invulnerability is a belief that they're exempt from rules of nature
- Risk-Taking is a form and examples are: "Nobody understands me.", "You just don't know how it feels."
Emerging Adulthood
- This stage of development consists of ages of 18 to 20's
- Identity exploration is focused on love and work
Emerging Adulthood: Why is it taking so long to Grow Up?
- A reason this now exists as a product of Western Culture and current timeline
- People are living longer
- higher education and culture values taking time to explore
Adulthood: Physical Development
- Early Adulthood (20s-40s) : physicality at its peak
- Middle adulthood (40s-60s):physical decline is gradual
- Late adulthood (60s) : physicality continues to lose elasticity
Adulthood: Physical Development Symptoms
- Skin Lacks eleasticity, vision and muscle strength decrease
- Women experiencing menopause, both men and women gain weight
- Hair thins and turns gray
Adulthood: General Information
- Proper nutrition and exercise can help minimize physical declination
- Cognition stays throughout early and middle ages
- Crystallized knowledge remains steady or improves
- Fluid intelligence begins to decline
Psychosocial Development: Adulthood
- Theories believe that as people age, there is a need to continue to have meaning in life
- Employment and well being and relationships can influence this
- Having children or marriage can have a positive affect
Death and Dying
- Irreversible end of all vital functions
- Birth and death is a moment of life everyone goes through
- This can be painful for friends and family
- Culture and personal backgrounds influence feelings
Stages of Grief
- All stages are non-linear ,but people express emotions in one's own way
- Denial: Shock and disbelief of accidents, buffered by a defense mechanism
- Anger: emotions upset, manifests in different ways
- Bargaining: negotiate with a higher power (God, the fates, the universe, etc.) for more time
- Religion may play a role throughout
- Depression: feelings of emptiness, sadness, and regret
- Acceptance: can vary according to the person. Is a long process
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