Life Sciences Year Note - Grade 11
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of photosynthesis in plants?

  • To convert glucose into starch
  • To build carbohydrates using sunlight (correct)
  • To absorb carbon dioxide from soil
  • To produce energy from oxygen

Which of the following is NOT a raw material required for photosynthesis?

  • Water
  • Carbon dioxide
  • Nitrogen (correct)
  • Chlorophyll

Where in the plant cell does photosynthesis occur?

  • Cell membrane
  • Chloroplasts (correct)
  • Nucleus
  • Mitochondria

What is produced during the light phase of photosynthesis?

<p>Oxygen and hydrogen atoms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of photosynthesis is ATP synthesized?

<p>Light phase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process involves the splitting of water molecules during the light phase?

<p>Photolysis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of glucose production in photosynthesis?

<p>It is converted to starch for storage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does chlorophyll play in photosynthesis?

<p>It captures radiant energy from the sun (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What substance is formed as a result of anaerobic respiration in muscle cells?

<p>Lactic acid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called that converts pyruvic acid into lactic acid in muscle cells?

<p>Lactic acid fermentation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of respiration occurs when there is insufficient oxygen in the muscles?

<p>Lactic acid fermentation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common product of alcoholic fermentation in yeast?

<p>Carbon dioxide (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is released during both aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

<p>Carbon dioxide (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is oxygen debt in relation to lactic acid?

<p>The need for oxygen to convert lactic acid back to pyruvic acid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which product is NOT formed during anaerobic respiration in plants like yeast?

<p>Oxygen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true about anaerobic respiration?

<p>It results in the release of a small amount of energy. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the diaphragm during inhalation?

<p>It contracts and becomes flatter. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscles facilitate the movement of ribs during inhalation?

<p>External intercostal muscles. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism that drives the movement of air into the lungs?

<p>Differences in atmospheric pressure. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs to the thoracic cavity during exhalation?

<p>It decreases in size from side to side. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the cuticle in terrestrial plants?

<p>To prevent water loss (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true about inhalation?

<p>It involves the contraction of respiratory muscles. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which adaptation allows for efficient transport of water and nutrients in plants?

<p>Vascular tissue (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the pressure in the thoracic cavity during inhalation?

<p>It decreases. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called when undigested remains are removed from the body?

<p>Egestion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between Bryophytes and Pteridophytes?

<p>Pteridophytes have true roots, stems, and leaves (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do abdominal muscles play during inhalation?

<p>They relax to allow viscera room. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the elastic lungs during inhalation?

<p>They expand as the thoracic cavity enlarges. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of reproduction is characterized by having only one parent and no gametes?

<p>Asexual reproduction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of teeth do herbivores primarily utilize to process plant material?

<p>Flat molars (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an advantage of asexual reproduction in plants?

<p>Lower energy expenditure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nutrient is primarily responsible for providing energy through its ingestion?

<p>Carbohydrates (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a disadvantage of asexual reproduction?

<p>Increased risk of overpopulation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the diet of omnivores?

<p>Both plant and animal material (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the correct order of the nutritional processes?

<p>Ingestion, Digestion, Absorption, Assimilation, Egestion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do Gymnosperms and Angiosperms differ from Bryophytes and Pteridophytes in terms of fertilization?

<p>They are not dependent on water for fertilization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Carnivores ingest less food than herbivores because:

<p>Meat has a higher energy value than plant material. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group of plants is considered the best adapted to terrestrial environments?

<p>Angiosperms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which adaptation is NOT characteristic of carnivores?

<p>Flat molars for grinding (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following nutrients is essential for growth and repair of damaged tissues?

<p>Proteins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during exhalation when it is forced?

<p>The abdominal muscles contract. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor that facilitates the diffusion of oxygen in the alveoli?

<p>A higher oxygen concentration in inhaled air compared to blood. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is inhalation considered a passive process?

<p>It occurs without exertion of muscles. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes carbon dioxide to move from the blood into the alveoli?

<p>The lower carbon dioxide concentration in the alveoli. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the thoracic cavity pressure during exhalation?

<p>It increases markedly. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscles are primarily responsible for forced exhalation?

<p>Internal intercostal muscles. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the alveoli in gas exchange?

<p>To facilitate diffusion of gases between air and blood. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes a diffusion gradient for oxygen in the alveoli?

<p>The difference in oxygen concentrations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Cuticle

The protective outer layer of a plant that reduces water loss.

Stomata

Tiny pores on the surface of leaves that allow for gas exchange, primarily taking in carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen.

Vascular Tissue

Specialized tissues in plants responsible for transporting water and nutrients throughout the plant.

Asexual Reproduction

The process of reproduction that involves only one parent and produces offspring genetically identical to the parent.

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Roots

Plant structures that help anchor the plant in the soil and absorb water and nutrients.

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Stem

The main stalk of a plant that supports the leaves and transports water and nutrients.

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Leaves

Flat, green structures of a plant where photosynthesis primarily occurs.

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Sporangia

Tiny structures on plants that contain spores for reproduction.

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Ingestion

The process by which food is taken into the alimentary canal.

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Digestion

The breaking down of food into simpler, soluble substances, both mechanically and chemically.

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Absorption

The movement of digested nutrients from the alimentary canal into the bloodstream.

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Assimilation

The process where cells use absorbed nutrients to build and repair.

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Egestion

The removal of undigested food waste from the body as feces.

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Herbivores

Animals that eat only plants.

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Carnivores

Animals that eat only meat.

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Omnivores

Animals that eat both plants and meat.

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Photosynthesis

The process by which plants use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to create glucose (sugar) and oxygen.

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Light Phase

The first stage of photosynthesis, which occurs in the grana of chloroplasts and requires light energy.

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Dark Phase (Calvin Cycle)

The second stage of photosynthesis, which occurs in the stroma of chloroplasts and doesn't require light.

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Photolysis

The splitting of water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen atoms using light energy in the light phase.

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ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

The primary energy-carrying molecule formed during the light phase, used for energy storage and later in the dark phase.

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Chloroplasts

Organelles found in plant cells that contain chlorophyll and are the sites of photosynthesis.

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Chlorophyll

A green pigment found in chloroplasts that captures light energy for photosynthesis.

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Importance of Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis is vital for maintaining the balance of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and aquatic environments.

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Exhalation

The process where air is expelled from the lungs due to increased pressure within the chest cavity.

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Inhalation

The process where air is pulled into the lungs due to decreased pressure within the chest cavity.

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Atmospheric pressure

The force exerted by the surrounding air on the body.

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Exhalation pressure

Occurs when the air pressure inside the lungs is greater than the outside atmospheric pressure.

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Inhalation pressure

Occurs when the air pressure inside the lungs is lower than the outside atmospheric pressure.

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Alveoli

The tiny air sacs where gas exchange occurs in the lungs.

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Gas exchange

The body's process of exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and the air, occurring in the alveoli and tissues.

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Diffusion

The movement of gases from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

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Anaerobic Respiration in Animals

The process of converting glucose into energy without oxygen, where pyruvic acid is converted into lactic acid, causing muscle stiffness.

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Anaerobic Respiration in Plants & Microorganisms

The breakdown of glucose without oxygen by yeast and bacteria, resulting in alcohol and carbon dioxide.

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Aerobic Respiration

The process of cellular respiration using oxygen, where glucose is broken down completely into carbon dioxide and water, releasing a large amount of energy.

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Oxygen Debt

The difference in oxygen needed to convert lactic acid back to pyruvic acid after anaerobic respiration.

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Breathing

The mechanical process of moving air in and out of the lungs.

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Gaseous Exchange

The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide across a specialized surface, usually in the lungs.

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Cellular Respiration

The process of releasing energy from glucose, either with or without oxygen.

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Anaerobic Respiration

The process of breaking down glucose without oxygen, resulting in a small amount of energy and end products like lactic acid or ethanol.

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What is the diaphragm?

The diaphragm is a dome-shaped muscle that separates the chest and abdomen, forming an airtight thoracic cavity.

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What are intercostal muscles?

The intercostal muscles are found between the ribs, consisting of two sets: external intercostal and internal intercostal.

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What is ventilation?

Breathing is the process of moving air between the atmosphere and the lungs. It involves changes in pressure inside the chest caused by muscle contractions.

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What is inhalation?

Inhalation is the process of taking air into the lungs. It involves the diaphragm contracting and flattening, and the rib cage expanding.

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What is exhalation?

Exhalation is the process of breathing out air from the lungs. It involves the diaphragm relaxing and the rib cage contracting.

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Why is inhalation active?

Inhalation is considered an active process because it requires muscle contractions, specifically of the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles.

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How does inhalation happen?

The process of inhalation increases the volume of the thoracic cavity leading to a decrease in pressure inside the lungs and chest. This pressure difference allows oxygen-rich air to flow into the lungs.

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How does exhalation happen?

The relaxation of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles causes the thoracic cavity to decrease in size, resulting in higher pressure within the lungs. This forces the air out.

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Study Notes

Life Sciences Year Note - Grade 11

  • This is a study note compiled to meet CAPS documents and examination guidelines.
  • The note covers various topics in year 11 Life Sciences.

Table of Contents

  • Important Information 2023: Includes assessment schedule (practical tasks, controlled tests, assignments, and final examination dates and times).
  • Biodiversity and Classification of Microorganisms: Describes prokaryotes and eukaryotes, microorganisms (viruses, bacteria, protists, and fungi), and viruses.
  • Biodiversity of Plants: Divides plants into four groups (bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms, and angiosperms), based on their vascular tissue, presence of seeds, and spores.
  • Biodiversity of Animals: Categorizes animals into invertebrates (lacking a vertebral column) and vertebrates (with a vertebral column), discussing six phyla (porifera, cnidaria, platyhelminthes, annelida, arthropoda, and chordata).
  • Photosynthesis: Explains the process of photosynthesis; raw materials (CO2, H2O, and sunlight), chlorophyll's role, products (glucose, oxygen), and the location of photosynthesis within the chloroplast.
  • Animal Nutrition (Human Nutrition): Outlines five processes, necessity for food, different feeding modes (herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores), human nutrition, and the digestive system/accessory organs.
  • Cellular Respiration: Discusses cellular respiration as the breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen, releasing energy in the form of ATP. Describes aerobic and anaerobic phases.
  • Gaseous Exchange: Explains breathing, gaseous exchange, requirements for effective gaseous exchange (surface area, thin wall, moist surface, transport system), and the role of the lung, diaphragm and intercostal muscles.
  • Population Ecology: Details population size, density, natality, mortality, immigration, and emigration and their impact.
  • Human Impact: Discusses climate change, deforestation, desertification, ozone depletion, water availability, and concerns for biodiversity.
  • Reference: Includes answer series, and other internet sources.

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Grade 11 Life Sciences Year Note 2023 PDF

Description

This comprehensive study note is tailored for Grade 11 Life Sciences, aligning with CAPS documents and examination guidelines. It covers various essential topics such as biodiversity, classification of microorganisms, plants, and animals, as well as the process of photosynthesis.

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