Biology Grade 11 Genetics Exam Notes
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following characteristics are true about methanogens?

  • They are unicellular organisms that can reproduce sexually.
  • They belong to the kingdom Animalia.
  • They generate methane as a metabolic byproduct. (correct)
  • They require high oxygen levels to thrive.

What type of reproduction is most commonly associated with the Plantae kingdom?

  • Only asexual reproduction.
  • Primarily sexual reproduction.
  • A combination of asexual and sexual reproduction. (correct)
  • None of the above.

Which statement correctly describes the lysogenic cycle of viral replication?

  • Viral DNA becomes integrated with the host DNA and remains inactive for a time. (correct)
  • The viral DNA is immediately replicated and produces new viruses.
  • The virus does not attach to host cells during this cycle.
  • It results in the immediate destruction of the host cell.

Which of the following best describes viruses?

<p>They are infectious agents that require a host cell for replication. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is true about the Fungi kingdom?

<p>They possess cell walls and can reproduce both sexually and asexually. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of enzymes in biological reactions?

<p>To speed up chemical reactions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which macromolecule is primarily a source of immediate energy?

<p>Carbohydrates (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of carbohydrate is formed from two monosaccharides?

<p>Disaccharide (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes saturated fats?

<p>Have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a disaccharide?

<p>Sucrose (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of cellulose in the diet?

<p>Composed of plant cell walls and is indigestible (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is maltose made of?

<p>Two glucose molecules (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which accessory organ produces a molecule that breaks down starch?

<p>Salivary glands (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the respiratory system?

<p>To move fresh air into the body and remove waste gases (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure in the trachea is responsible for trapping debris?

<p>Mucus-producing goblet cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do arteries function in the circulatory system?

<p>They carry oxygenated blood away from the heart (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do cilia play in the respiratory system?

<p>They sweep debris out of the respiratory tract (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the epiglottis?

<p>To aid in swallowing by covering the glottis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of unsaturated fats?

<p>They contain at least one double bond (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily differentiates veins from arteries?

<p>Veins return oxygen-depleted blood to the heart (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of proteins?

<p>Regulate temperature (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of erythrocytes in the blood?

<p>To transport oxygen and carbon dioxide (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when blood vessels rupture?

<p>Platelets are activated and fibrinogen is converted to fibrin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes the function of the Sinoatrial (SA) Node?

<p>Acts as the heart's natural pacemaker (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do veins differ from arteries?

<p>Veins are less elastic than arteries (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does diastolic blood pressure measure?

<p>The pressure in the arteries when the ventricles relax (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do white blood cells (leukocytes) respond to infection?

<p>They double in numbers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of platelets in the blood?

<p>Clot the blood (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected heart rate triggered by the SA Node?

<p>60–100 beats per minute (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Bundle of His?

<p>Transmits impulses from the AV node to the ventricles. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does gas exchange occur in the alveoli?

<p>Oxygen moves from the air within the lung to the alveoli, while carbon dioxide moves in the opposite direction. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the tidal volume in terms of lung capacity?

<p>The normal volume of air breathed in or out. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does homeostasis involve thermoregulation?

<p>It maintains body temperature by adjusting heat loss or retention. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes vital capacity?

<p>The maximum volume of air that can be forcibly inhaled or exhaled. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggers an increase in respiratory rate according to COâ‚‚ levels?

<p>High levels of COâ‚‚ detected by chemoreceptors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What allows for faster diffusion of gases in the alveoli?

<p>A single layer of cells in their structure. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is primarily responsible for regulating blood glucose levels?

<p>Insulin. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during Anaphase II that can lead to chromosomal abnormalities?

<p>Two sister chromatids move to the same pole. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of chromosomal abnormality is represented by a daughter cell with 45 chromosomes?

<p>Monosomy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of genetic mutation associated with errors during crossing over?

<p>Chromosomal fission (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The evidence provided by fossils to support evolution includes which of the following?

<p>Intermediate forms between different species. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one limitation of the fossil record as evidence for evolution?

<p>Some organisms do not fossilize well. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant event occurred approximately 500 million years ago?

<p>The Cambrian explosion. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Geographical distribution of organisms suggests that closely related species are likely found where?

<p>In geographically close areas. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes translocation in genetic mutations?

<p>A section moves to a non-homologous chromosome. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Nondisjunction

A type of mutation that occurs during meiosis. Sister chromatids fail to separate in Anaphase II, resulting in an extra chromosome in the daughter cell (trisomy) or missing chromosome (monosomy).

Trisomy

A condition where a daughter cell has an extra chromosome, resulting in 47 chromosomes instead of 46. Example: Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21).

Monosomy

A condition where a daughter cell is missing a chromosome, resulting in 45 chromosomes instead of 46.

Mutations

Changes in the genetic sequence. The main cause of diversity among organisms.

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Deletion

A type of mutation that occurs during crossing over. A part of a chromosome is deleted, resulting in a shorter chromosome.

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Duplication

A type of mutation that occurs during crossing over. A section of a chromosome is duplicated, resulting in a longer chromosome.

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Inversion

A type of mutation that occurs during crossing over. A section of a chromosome is flipped in reverse order.

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Translocation

A type of mutation that occurs during crossing over. A section of one chromosome is exchanged with a section of another chromosome.

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Methanogens

Organisms that produce methane gas as a byproduct of their metabolism.

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Protista

A group of eukaryotic organisms that can be unicellular or multicellular, reproduce both asexually and sexually, and are typically found in water environments.

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Plantae

A group of eukaryotic organisms that are multicellular, reproduce both asexually and sexually, have cell walls, and include mosses, ferns, and flowering plants.

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Animalia

A group of eukaryotic organisms that are multicellular, mostly reproduce sexually, are found in both aquatic and terrestrial environments, and include worms, lobsters, starfish, and humans.

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Fungi

A group of eukaryotic organisms that are multicellular, reproduce sexually and asexually, have cell walls, and include mushrooms and bread mold.

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Unsaturated

A type of molecule that contains at least one double bond, making it bend in shape.

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Proteins

Large, complex molecules made up of amino acids. They play a crucial role in many bodily functions.

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Respiratory system

The system responsible for taking in fresh air and expelling waste gases.

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Cilia

Small hairs found in the respiratory tract that sweep debris back towards the pharynx.

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Epiglottis

A flap of cartilage that covers the opening of the trachea during swallowing.

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Cartilage rings

Rings of cartilage that support the trachea, allowing it to flex during breathing.

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Heart

The organ that pumps blood throughout the body.

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Arteries

Blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to all parts of the body.

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What are enzymes?

Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in living organisms, such as the breakdown of food during digestion.

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What does amylase do?

Amylase is an enzyme found in saliva that breaks down starch (a complex carbohydrate) into maltose (a simpler sugar).

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What are macromolecules?

Macromolecules are large molecules essential for life, providing energy and building blocks for our bodies. They include carbohydrates, lipids (fats), and proteins.

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What are carbohydrates?

Carbohydrates are a primary source of energy for our bodies. They are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms.

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What are monosaccharides?

Monosaccharides are the simplest form of carbohydrates. They are single sugar molecules, such as glucose, fructose, and galactose.

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What are disaccharides?

Disaccharides are carbohydrates composed of two monosaccharides linked together. Examples include maltose, sucrose, and lactose.

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What are polysaccharides?

Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates made up of many monosaccharides linked together. Examples include starch, glycogen, and cellulose.

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What are Lipids?

Lipids are fats and oils that provide energy, store energy, and help absorb vitamins. They are composed of glycerol and fatty acids.

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Capillary Function

The thin walls of capillaries allow for the exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide), nutrients, and waste products between the blood and the surrounding tissues.

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Heart Chambers and Blood Flow

The right side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs, while the left side pumps oxygenated blood to the body.

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Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)

Erythrocytes (red blood cells) transport oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues and carbon dioxide back to the lungs.

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White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)

Leukocytes (white blood cells) are part of the body's immune system, fighting infections and cancer.

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Platelets

Platelets are cell fragments responsible for blood clotting, helping to stop bleeding.

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Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure

Systolic pressure is the force of blood against artery walls during the heart's contraction, while diastolic pressure is the force during relaxation.

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Arteries vs. Veins

Arteries are elastic vessels that carry blood away from the heart, while veins carry blood back to the heart.

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Sinoatrial (SA) Node Function

The sinoatrial node (SA node) acts as the heart's pacemaker, generating electrical impulses that initiate each heartbeat.

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What is the function of the AV node?

A small delay in the electrical signal in the heart's conduction system, allowing the atria to finish contracting and send blood to the ventricles.

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What is the Bundle of His?

A group of specialized muscle fibers in the heart that transmit electrical signals from the AV node to the ventricles. This helps coordinate the contraction of the ventricles.

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What are Purkinje fibers responsible for?

A network of fibers located in the ventricle walls that rapidly conduct electrical impulses, causing synchronized contraction of the ventricles.

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What are alveoli in the lungs?

Tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange between the blood and the air happens. Oxygen goes into the blood, and carbon dioxide goes out.

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What is tidal volume?

The normal volume of air inhaled or exhaled in a single breath.

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What is inspiratory reserve volume?

The extra volume of air you can inhale after a normal breath, by taking a deep breath.

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What is expiratory reserve volume?

The extra volume of air you can exhale after a normal breath, by forcing it out.

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What is vital capacity?

The maximum amount of air you can forcefully inhale or exhale.

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Study Notes

Biology Grade 11 Exam Notes

  • Terms:
    • Somatic cells: Body cells
    • Alleles: Different forms of the same gene
    • Cellular respiration: Process to convert food energy into ATP
  • Unit 1: Genetics
    • DNA Structure:
      • DNA is a double helix (twisted ladder)
      • Each unit is a nucleotide (phosphate, sugar, base)
      • Base pairings: A-T, G-C
      • Complementary base pairs allow replication
    • DNA Replication: Two identical strands (sister chromatids)
    • Homologous Chromosomes: Humans have 46 (23 pairs). Similar genes, not identical
    • Autosomes: Non-sex chromosomes
    • Sex chromosomes: X and Y
    • Gametogenesis: Production of sex cells
      • Oogenesis: Produces one egg cell per month
      • Spermatogenesis: Produces millions of sperm per day
    • Multiple Births:
      • Two or more eggs fertilized by different sperm (fraternal) OR one egg fertilized, dividing into two (identical)
    • Independent Assortment: Chromosome pairs separate randomly in meiosis
    • Crossing Over: Genetic material exchanged between homologous chromosomes
    • Nondisjunction: Homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids fail to separate

Unit 2: Evolution

  • Evidence of Evolution:
    • Fossils: Footprints, remains, casts, imprints, amber, ice.
      • Incomplete record. Examples: Archaeopteryx (reptile/bird), Tiktaalik (fish/amphibian)
      • Cambrian explosion: rapid appearance of diverse animal life 500 million years ago.
    • Geographical Distribution:
      • Species closely related are found in geographically close areas.
      • Island species are more closely related to mainland species. Examples: Madagascar birds
    • Homologous Structures: Similar structures, different functions, shared ancestry. Example: forelimbs of vertebrates.
    • Analogous Structures: Similar functions, different structures, not shared ancestry. Example: wings of birds and insects.
    • Vestigial Structures: Structures with reduced functions, were once important. Examples: wisdom teeth, appendix.
    • Comparative Embryology: Similar developmental stages in species suggest a common ancestor.
    • Biochemical Similarities: Similarity in DNA, RNA, proteins among species provides evolutionary information

Unit 3: Diversity of Living Things

  • Taxonomy: Hierarchical classification (Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species)
  • Dichotomous Key: Tool for identification of organisms using paired choices.
  • Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells: Differentiated by presence of a nucleus and internal membranes

Unit 4: Animal Systems

  • Digestive System: Breakdown and absorption of food.
    • Mouth, Esophagus, Stomach, Small intestine, Large intestine.
    • Accessory organs: teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas. Also Enzymes
  • Respiratory System: Oxygen uptake and CO2 removal
    • Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli. Also diaphragm, trachea cartilage and cilia

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Biology Grade 11 Exam Notes PDF

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Prepare for your Grade 11 Biology exam with these essential notes on genetics. This quiz covers key concepts, including DNA structure, replication, and gametogenesis. Test your knowledge on somatic cells and homologous chromosomes to ensure you're ready for the exam.

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