Biology Grade 11 Genetics Exam Notes

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Which of the following characteristics are true about methanogens?

They are unicellular organisms that can reproduce sexually.

They belong to the kingdom Animalia.

They generate methane as a metabolic byproduct. (correct)

They require high oxygen levels to thrive.

What type of reproduction is most commonly associated with the Plantae kingdom?

Only asexual reproduction.

Primarily sexual reproduction.

A combination of asexual and sexual reproduction. (correct)

None of the above.

Which statement correctly describes the lysogenic cycle of viral replication?

Viral DNA becomes integrated with the host DNA and remains inactive for a time. (correct)

The viral DNA is immediately replicated and produces new viruses.

The virus does not attach to host cells during this cycle.

It results in the immediate destruction of the host cell.

Which of the following best describes viruses?

They are infectious agents that require a host cell for replication. Signup and view all the answers

What is true about the Fungi kingdom?

They possess cell walls and can reproduce both sexually and asexually. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of enzymes in biological reactions?

To speed up chemical reactions Signup and view all the answers

Which macromolecule is primarily a source of immediate energy?

Carbohydrates Signup and view all the answers

What type of carbohydrate is formed from two monosaccharides?

Disaccharide Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes saturated fats?

Have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a disaccharide?

Sucrose Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of cellulose in the diet?

Composed of plant cell walls and is indigestible Signup and view all the answers

What is maltose made of?

Two glucose molecules Signup and view all the answers

Which accessory organ produces a molecule that breaks down starch?

Salivary glands Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the respiratory system?

To move fresh air into the body and remove waste gases Signup and view all the answers

Which structure in the trachea is responsible for trapping debris?

Mucus-producing goblet cells Signup and view all the answers

How do arteries function in the circulatory system?

They carry oxygenated blood away from the heart Signup and view all the answers

What role do cilia play in the respiratory system?

They sweep debris out of the respiratory tract Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the epiglottis?

To aid in swallowing by covering the glottis Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of unsaturated fats?

They contain at least one double bond Signup and view all the answers

What primarily differentiates veins from arteries?

Veins return oxygen-depleted blood to the heart Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of proteins?

Regulate temperature Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of erythrocytes in the blood?

To transport oxygen and carbon dioxide Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when blood vessels rupture?

Platelets are activated and fibrinogen is converted to fibrin Signup and view all the answers

What describes the function of the Sinoatrial (SA) Node?

Acts as the heart's natural pacemaker Signup and view all the answers

How do veins differ from arteries?

Veins are less elastic than arteries Signup and view all the answers

What does diastolic blood pressure measure?

The pressure in the arteries when the ventricles relax Signup and view all the answers

How do white blood cells (leukocytes) respond to infection?

They double in numbers Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of platelets in the blood?

Clot the blood Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected heart rate triggered by the SA Node?

60–100 beats per minute Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Bundle of His?

Transmits impulses from the AV node to the ventricles. Signup and view all the answers

How does gas exchange occur in the alveoli?

Oxygen moves from the air within the lung to the alveoli, while carbon dioxide moves in the opposite direction. Signup and view all the answers

What is the tidal volume in terms of lung capacity?

The normal volume of air breathed in or out. Signup and view all the answers

How does homeostasis involve thermoregulation?

It maintains body temperature by adjusting heat loss or retention. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes vital capacity?

The maximum volume of air that can be forcibly inhaled or exhaled. Signup and view all the answers

What triggers an increase in respiratory rate according to CO₂ levels?

High levels of CO₂ detected by chemoreceptors. Signup and view all the answers

What allows for faster diffusion of gases in the alveoli?

A single layer of cells in their structure. Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is primarily responsible for regulating blood glucose levels?

Insulin. Signup and view all the answers

What happens during Anaphase II that can lead to chromosomal abnormalities?

Two sister chromatids move to the same pole. Signup and view all the answers

What type of chromosomal abnormality is represented by a daughter cell with 45 chromosomes?

Monosomy Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of genetic mutation associated with errors during crossing over?

Chromosomal fission Signup and view all the answers

The evidence provided by fossils to support evolution includes which of the following?

Intermediate forms between different species. Signup and view all the answers

What is one limitation of the fossil record as evidence for evolution?

Some organisms do not fossilize well. Signup and view all the answers

What significant event occurred approximately 500 million years ago?

The Cambrian explosion. Signup and view all the answers

Geographical distribution of organisms suggests that closely related species are likely found where?

In geographically close areas. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes translocation in genetic mutations?

A section moves to a non-homologous chromosome. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Biology Grade 11 Exam Notes

Terms:
- Somatic cells: Body cells
- Alleles: Different forms of the same gene
- Cellular respiration: Process to convert food energy into ATP
Unit 1: Genetics
- DNA Structure:
  - DNA is a double helix (twisted ladder)
  - Each unit is a nucleotide (phosphate, sugar, base)
  - Base pairings: A-T, G-C
  - Complementary base pairs allow replication
- DNA Replication: Two identical strands (sister chromatids)
- Homologous Chromosomes: Humans have 46 (23 pairs). Similar genes, not identical
- Autosomes: Non-sex chromosomes
- Sex chromosomes: X and Y
- Gametogenesis: Production of sex cells
  - Oogenesis: Produces one egg cell per month
  - Spermatogenesis: Produces millions of sperm per day
- Multiple Births:
  - Two or more eggs fertilized by different sperm (fraternal) OR one egg fertilized, dividing into two (identical)
- Independent Assortment: Chromosome pairs separate randomly in meiosis
- Crossing Over: Genetic material exchanged between homologous chromosomes
- Nondisjunction: Homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids fail to separate

Unit 2: Evolution

Evidence of Evolution:
- Fossils: Footprints, remains, casts, imprints, amber, ice.
  - Incomplete record. Examples: Archaeopteryx (reptile/bird), Tiktaalik (fish/amphibian)
  - Cambrian explosion: rapid appearance of diverse animal life 500 million years ago.
- Geographical Distribution:
  - Species closely related are found in geographically close areas.
  - Island species are more closely related to mainland species. Examples: Madagascar birds
- Homologous Structures: Similar structures, different functions, shared ancestry. Example: forelimbs of vertebrates.
- Analogous Structures: Similar functions, different structures, not shared ancestry. Example: wings of birds and insects.
- Vestigial Structures: Structures with reduced functions, were once important. Examples: wisdom teeth, appendix.
- Comparative Embryology: Similar developmental stages in species suggest a common ancestor.
- Biochemical Similarities: Similarity in DNA, RNA, proteins among species provides evolutionary information

Unit 3: Diversity of Living Things

Taxonomy: Hierarchical classification (Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species)
Dichotomous Key: Tool for identification of organisms using paired choices.
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells: Differentiated by presence of a nucleus and internal membranes

Unit 4: Animal Systems

Digestive System: Breakdown and absorption of food.
- Mouth, Esophagus, Stomach, Small intestine, Large intestine.
- Accessory organs: teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas. Also Enzymes
Respiratory System: Oxygen uptake and CO2 removal
- Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli. Also diaphragm, trachea cartilage and cilia

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

Prepare for your Grade 11 Biology exam with these essential notes on genetics. This quiz covers key concepts, including DNA structure, replication, and gametogenesis. Test your knowledge on somatic cells and homologous chromosomes to ensure you're ready for the exam.