Life Sciences Revision Grade 10
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Questions and Answers

Which type of slope experiences warmer and drier conditions?

  • North-facing slopes
  • West-facing slopes
  • South-facing slopes (correct)
  • East-facing slopes

What effect does a steep slope have on water run-off?

  • Slows down water run-off
  • Increases water absorption
  • Reduces soil erosion
  • Accelerates water run-off (correct)

Which of the following soil types has a low water retention capacity?

  • Sandy soil (correct)
  • Peaty soil
  • Clay soil
  • Loam soil

Which factor contributes to the infertility of soil on a steep slope?

<p>Shallow soil depth (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is humus primarily composed of?

<p>Decayed plant material (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do nitrifying bacteria play in the nitrogen cycle?

<p>Convert ammonia into nitrates (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does carbon dioxide return to the atmosphere?

<p>Through cellular respiration, decomposition, and combustion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by biodiversity?

<p>The variety of life forms on Earth (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scientist developed the two-kingdom classification system?

<p>Carl Linnaeus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the classification of organisms, what are kingdoms divided into in animals?

<p>Phyla (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Kingdom classification for a lion?

<p>Animalia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the binomial naming system, how is the genus name written?

<p>In uppercase with the species in lowercase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which classification level comes after Phylum in the hierarchy?

<p>Class (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of key is commonly used to classify living organisms?

<p>Dichotomous key (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following classifications corresponds to the pine tree?

<p>Class: Gymnospermae (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the defining characteristic of the division Pteridophyta?

<p>They include ferns (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'Coniferales' refer to?

<p>An order of cone-bearing plants (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many kingdom classifications are listed in the five-kingdom system?

<p>Five (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of producers in a food chain?

<p>They produce their own food. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What forms the second trophic level in a food chain?

<p>Primary consumers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is energy transferred within a food chain?

<p>Some energy is lost at each trophic level. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do pyramids of biomass represent?

<p>The total mass of organisms at each trophic level. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of tertiary consumers?

<p>They feed on other carnivores. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which trophic level has the greatest amount of energy?

<p>Producers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily shows the actual number of organisms at each trophic level?

<p>Pyramid of numbers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes decomposers in a food chain?

<p>They can exist at any trophic level. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon is responsible for forming nitrates in the atmosphere?

<p>Lightning (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When did the Cenozoic era begin?

<p>66 million years ago (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mass extinction took place towards the end of the Palaeozoic era?

<p>Permian-Triassic extinction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Approximately how many families of species died out at the end of the Palaeozoic era?

<p>90% of all families (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the method of dating fossils using radioactive isotopes called?

<p>Carbon dating (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do we call the study of the distribution of individual species?

<p>Biogeography (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which supercontinent is evident from diagram studies?

<p>Pangaea (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organism's fossil remains are found on all the shown land masses?

<p>Mesosaurus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Carbon 14 dating primarily used for?

<p>Measuring the age of fossils younger than 50,000 years (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to relative dating, where would you find the oldest rocks?

<p>Below the upper layers of sediment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the binomial name of a lion?

<p>Panthera leo (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What classification level comes just above 'species' in Linnaeus' system?

<p>Family (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How would the removal of a hyena affect the ecosystem?

<p>Disruption of food chains (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following features characterizes the Cape floral kingdom?

<p>Home to indigenous and endemic species (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major threat to the flora of the Cape floral kingdom?

<p>Habitat destruction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of plant species in the Cape floral kingdom are considered endemic?

<p>70% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

North-facing slopes

North-facing slopes are warmer and drier due to less direct sunlight.

Soil erosion (steep slope)

Water runoff on steep slopes leads to faster soil erosion.

Edaphic factors

Soil factors affecting plant growth (soil texture, air, water, humus, pH).

Soil texture (sandy soil)

Sandy soil has low water retention and is infertile.

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Humus

Decayed organic matter in soil.

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Food Chain

The transfer of energy from the sun to green plants and then to various consumers. It describes the feeding relationships in an ecosystem.

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Food Web

A complex network of interconnected food chains. It represents all the feeding relationships in an ecosystem.

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Trophic Levels

Different feeding levels in an ecosystem. Each level represents a specific way organisms obtain energy.

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Producers (Plants)

Organisms that make their own food through photosynthesis, forming the first trophic level.

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Primary Consumers (Herbivores)

Animals that eat plants, forming the second trophic level.

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Secondary Consumers (Carnivores)

Animals that eat other animals, forming the third trophic level.

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Tertiary Consumers

Carnivores that feed on other carnivores, forming the fourth trophic level.

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Pyramid of Energy

Shows the amount of energy available at each trophic level in an ecosystem, decreasing as you move up the pyramid.

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Nitrifying bacteria

Bacteria that convert ammonia (a waste product) into nitrates, a form of nitrogen that plants can absorb from the soil.

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Denitrifying bacteria

Bacteria that convert nitrates back into nitrogen gas, releasing it into the atmosphere.

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Carbon cycle

The continuous movement of carbon between the atmosphere, living organisms, and the Earth's crust.

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Photosynthesis

The process by which plants use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to make food (sugars) and release oxygen.

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Cellular respiration

The process by which organisms break down food (sugars) in the presence of oxygen to release energy, water, and carbon dioxide.

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Five-Kingdom System

A classification system that divides living organisms into five kingdoms: Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.

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Binomial Nomenclature

A system for naming organisms using two words: the genus and the species. The genus is capitalized, the species is lowercase, and the whole name is italicized (e.g., Panthera leo).

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Dichotomous Key

A tool used for identifying organisms by asking a series of questions with two possible answers, leading to the correct identification.

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Kingdom

The broadest taxonomic rank in the classification system, grouping organisms based on fundamental characteristics.

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Phylum/Division

A taxonomic rank below Kingdom, grouping organisms with a common body plan and shared characteristics.

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Class

A taxonomic rank below Phylum/Division, grouping organisms with shared characteristics and a more specific body plan.

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Order

A taxonomic rank below Class, grouping organisms with similar characteristics and adaptations.

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Family

A taxonomic rank below Order, grouping organisms with shared characteristics and a close evolutionary relationship.

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Carbon 14 Dating

A method used to determine the age of fossils younger than 50,000 years by measuring the amount of radioactive carbon-14 remaining in the fossil.

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Relative Dating

A method of determining the age of fossils based on their position in sedimentary layers, with older fossils found deeper and younger fossils nearer the surface.

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Producer

An organism, like a plant, that makes its own food through photosynthesis.

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Primary Consumer

An organism that eats producers, like a herbivore.

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Endemic Species

A species found only in a specific geographic region and nowhere else in the world.

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Indigenous Species

Species that are native to a particular region and have evolved naturally within that area.

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Habitat Destruction

The loss or degradation of natural habitats, which can lead to the decline or extinction of species.

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Cenozoic Era

The current geological era, which began approximately 66 million years ago after the extinction of the dinosaurs.

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Paleozoic Mass Extinction

A major extinction event that occurred at the end of the Paleozoic era, roughly 252 million years ago, resulting in the loss of over 90% of marine species.

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Fossil Formation in Sedimentary Rock

The process where organisms are buried in sediment, which over time hardens into rock, preserving their remains.

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Radioactive Dating

A method used to determine the age of fossils by analyzing the decay of radioactive isotopes within the fossil.

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Geological Timescale

A system that divides Earth's history into different eons, eras, periods, and epochs based on geological and fossil evidence.

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Biogeography

The study of the distribution of species and ecosystems around the world.

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Pangea

A supercontinent that existed during the late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic eras, consisting of all the Earth's landmasses.

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Fossil Evidence of Plate Tectonics

Fossils of identical species found on different continents support the theory of continental drift, suggesting they were once connected.

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Study Notes

Life Sciences Revision Booklet - Grade 10

  • This revision program helps students revise critical content and skills from terms 3 and 4.
  • The goal is for students to understand key concepts and apply the knowledge for the examination.
  • The topics covered include: Biosphere to ecosystems, Biodiversity and classification, and History of life on Earth.

Biosphere to Ecosystems

  • Biosphere: The part of Earth where living organisms occur. It's made of the atmosphere, lithosphere, and hydrosphere.
    • Atmosphere: The air surrounding Earth, a mixture of gases (e.g., nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide).
    • Lithosphere: Earth's outermost layer, including soil and rocks.
    • Hydrosphere: All the water on Earth (oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, etc.), both fresh and salt water.
  • Biomes: Large geographical areas with similar climates and geographic features, supporting specific types of plants and animals.
    • Types of biomes: Terrestrial (land) and aquatic (water).
    • South African examples: Fynbos, forest, grasslands, savannah, thicket, Nama Karoo, succulent Karoo, and desert.
    • Aquatic biomes are either freshwater or marine (saltwater).

Biodiversity and Classification

  • Biodiversity: The variety of life forms on Earth.
  • History of Classification:
    • Simple systems are based on physical characteristics.
    • The five-kingdom system (proposed by Robert Whitaker in 1969) is the most commonly used.
    • Two-kingdom system: Linnaeus' system of plants and animals.
    • Seven categories: A way to divide kingdoms, including phyla in animals and divisions in plants.
    • Dichotomous keys: Used for classifying living organisms.
    • Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes: Different types of cells (differences in nuclei and organelles)

History of Life on Earth

  • Changes in climate (e.g. Ice ages): Long geological periods with drastic decreases in temperatures affecting species.
  • Geological events: Continental drift (movement of continents), formation of supercontinents (e.g., Pangaea), and the breakup of those continents.
  • The geological timescale: A timeline of Earth's history, divided into eras (Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic), periods, and epochs.
  • Fossil formation and dating: -Fossils are remains of organisms, found primarily in sedimentary rock.
    • Ideal conditions include burial immediately after death, acidic conditions, and absence of oxygen. -Methods include radiometric and relative dating.
  • Cambrian explosion: Rapid diversification of life forms during the Cambrian period.
  • Mass extinctions: Periods when many species disappear within a short period of time. The last was related to the dinosaurs.

Revision Questions

  • Detailed questions (some higher-order) are listed in the booklet for practice.

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Life Sciences Grade 10 Revision Booklet 2024 - PDF

Description

This quiz is designed for Grade 10 students to revise essential content and skills from Life Sciences, focusing on topics like the biosphere, ecosystems, and biodiversity. It aims to enhance understanding and application of key concepts vital for examinations.

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