Life Science 15 Final Review - Key Topics
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Questions and Answers

What does EEA stand for in the context of evolutionary theory?

  • Ecological Environment Association
  • Evolutionary Ecosystem Adaptation
  • Environment of Evolutionary Adaptiveness (correct)
  • Environmental Evaluation Approach

Why is it important to be aware of the difference between our EEA and today's environment?

  • To alter our behavior in light of cultural and technological changes (correct)
  • To revert back to hunter-gatherer lifestyles
  • To eliminate all forms of calorie consumption
  • To understand how to trust our instincts better

Which sex generally displays more vulnerability during mating?

  • Females (correct)
  • Neither sex
  • Both sexes equally
  • Males

How does prepared learning influence food preferences in individuals?

<p>It helps individuals develop strong aversions to foods tied to negative experiences (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does higher sexual dimorphism indicate about mating systems?

<p>It often correlates with polygamous behaviors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a primary characteristic of human life during the EEA?

<p>Hunting and gathering in small communities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following examples illustrates sexual dimorphism?

<p>Male peacocks with colorful feathers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding essential amino acids?

<p>We can produce 11 of the 20 amino acids ourselves (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What emotion persists despite modern advancements like birth control, according to the discussion of EEA?

<p>Sexual jealousy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a complete protein source?

<p>Eggs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason females are more selective in mate choice?

<p>They are more vulnerable during mating (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many essential amino acids must be obtained through diet?

<p>9 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between reproductive success and polygamous behavior?

<p>More variance in reproductive success with polygamous behavior (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of muscle control loss in multiple sclerosis?

<p>Attacks on myelin resulting in scarring (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does caffeine affect brain activity?

<p>It fits into adenosine receptors and prevents inhibition (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an action potential?

<p>An all-or-nothing change in membrane potential (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one effect of drugs on neurotransmitter release?

<p>They can block or facilitate neurotransmitter release (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do the Nodes of Ranvier play in neuron signaling?

<p>They provide insulation and assist in action potential propagation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is associated with mood regulation and feeling satisfied?

<p>Serotonin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can happen as a result of drugs hijacking the brain's pleasure centers?

<p>They enhance the body's natural rewards without effort (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to adenosine levels during sleep?

<p>They are reabsorbed and decrease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary functions of the mouth in digestion?

<p>Mash up food (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a role of bile in the digestive process?

<p>Emulsify lipids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a function of the stomach?

<p>Absorbing nutrients (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to increase the surface area of food during digestion?

<p>To facilitate nutrient absorption (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feature of the small intestine is crucial for its function?

<p>It returns chyme to a pH of 7 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily occurs in the large intestine?

<p>Water absorption (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes digestion from absorption?

<p>Digestion breaks down food; absorption transports nutrients to the bloodstream (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which stage of digestion are most nutrients absorbed?

<p>Small intestine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in the scientific thinking process?

<p>Make observations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the mechanisms that allow evolution to occur?

<p>Genetic montage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a controlled experiment, what does 'double blind' mean?

<p>Neither the receiver nor the provider knows the treatment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process changes the allele frequencies in a population primarily due to random events?

<p>Genetic drift (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do predictions in scientific thinking typically take form?

<p>As if...then statements (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a necessary condition for natural selection to occur?

<p>Differential reproductive success (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of natural selection results in decreased variation while keeping the mean stable?

<p>Stabilizing selection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In disruptive selection, what happens to the overall distribution of phenotypes?

<p>It becomes bimodal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes artificial selection compared to natural selection?

<p>It involves human intervention (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of directional selection in a population?

<p>Increase in average trait value (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which example illustrates stabilizing selection?

<p>The survival of intermediate birth weight infants (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the concept of heritability in the context of natural selection?

<p>Similarity of offspring to their parents (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of selection is exemplified by farmers breeding cows for higher milk production?

<p>Directional selection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

EEA

Environment of Evolutionary Adaptiveness, the environment in which our species evolved.

Mismatch between EEA and current environment

When the environment we live in now is different from the environment our bodies evolved in; creating issues with our instincts.

Prepared learning

Learning that occurs easily and naturally because of evolution.

Instinctual behavior

Behavior that is inherent and programmed into our species by evolution.

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Obesity and health problems

Health issues resulting from a mismatch between our EEA and current environment.

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Sperm competition

Competition between males for fertilization of a female's eggs.

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Sexual dimorphism

Differences in physical characteristics between males and females of the same species.

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Mating systems

Patterns of mating behavior in a species, including mate choice, and competition for mates.

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Essential amino acids

Amino acids that humans cannot produce and must obtain from food.

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Complete proteins

Proteins containing all essential amino acids.

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Incomplete proteins

Proteins lacking one or more essential amino acids.

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Reproductive success

The number of offspring produced by an organism.

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Paternity uncertainty

Doubt about whether a male is the biological father of offspring.

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Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

A disease where the body attacks the myelin sheath, causing scarring and disrupting nerve signal propagation.

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Myelin Sheath

Insulating layer around nerve fibers that speeds up signal transmission.

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Action Potential

An all-or-nothing change in membrane potential that allows nerve impulses to travel.

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Nodes of Ranvier

Gaps in the myelin sheath where signal transmission occurs.

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Synaptic Transmission

Communication between neurons across a synapse; transmission of nerve signals across the synaptic cleft using neurotransmitters.

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Neurotransmitter (NT) impact by drugs

Drugs can alter NT release, breakdown, receptor binding, in a variety of ways to influence neural function and our feelings/behaviour.

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Drugs and pleasure centers

Drugs can hijack pleasure centers in the brain stimulating sensations comparable to natural rewards without performing the equivalent work.

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Caffeine

Acts like adenosine, preventing it from inhibiting brain signals and increasing alertness by preventing brain cell exhaustion signal receptors

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Mouth's Role in Digestion

The mouth performs two crucial functions: mechanically breaking down food by chewing and initiating the breakdown of starch by the enzyme amylase.

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Stomach's Digestive Actions

The stomach continues breaking down food, partially digests proteins, and secretes stomach acid to denature proteins and destroy bacteria.

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Small Intestine's Function

The small intestine is responsible for neutralizing the acidic chyme from the stomach, completing protein and starch digestion, digesting lipids with the help of bile, and absorbing most nutrients and some water.

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Bile's Role in Digestion

Bile, produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder, breaks down fat globules, making them easier for enzymes to digest.

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Large Intestine's Role

The large intestine absorbs water, absorbs nutrients produced by bacteria, and pushes waste into the rectum for elimination.

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Digestion vs. Absorption

Digestion is the breakdown of food into smaller molecules, while absorption is the process of taking those nutrients into the bloodstream for the body to use.

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What is BMR?

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) is the minimum amount of energy required to keep your body functioning at rest.

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Why is BMR Useful?

BMR helps us understand how many calories our body needs to maintain basic functions, providing a base for calculating overall calorie needs.

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Scientific Thinking

A process of understanding the world through observation, hypothesis testing, and drawing conclusions, involving five steps: observation, hypothesis formulation, prediction, data collection, and conclusion.

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Critical Experiment

A carefully designed experiment that tests a hypothesis by controlling variables, randomizing subjects, and blinding participants to prevent bias.

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Evolution

A change in the frequency of genes within a population over time, driven by mechanisms like mutation, gene flow, genetic drift, and natural selection.

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Mutation

A change in the genetic code of an organism, potentially leading to a new version of a gene (allele) that affects the population's gene pool.

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Gene Flow

The movement of genes between populations as individuals migrate, potentially altering the allele frequencies within those populations.

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Natural Selection

A process where organisms with traits better suited to their environment survive and reproduce more successfully than those with less suited traits.

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Variation

Differences in traits among individuals within a population.

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Heritability

The ability for traits to be passed down from parents to offspring.

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Differential Reproductive Success

Organisms with advantageous traits reproduce more, passing those traits on.

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Directional Selection

Natural selection favoring one extreme of a trait.

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Stabilizing Selection

Natural selection favoring the average trait.

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Disruptive Selection

Natural selection favoring both extremes of a trait.

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Artificial Selection

Humans intentionally breeding organisms for desired traits.

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Study Notes

Life Science 15 Final Review - Key Topics

  • Topic 1: Happiness/Emotions

    • The rate and direction of change in financial situation is more crucial to happiness than the absolute wealth level.
    • Emotions are tools that genes use to manipulate behavior, responding to changes rather than absolute levels.
    • Evolution is a relative game where alleles that perform better than alternatives thrive.
    • Happiness is linked to progress towards goals, not just achieving them.
    • Material acquisition yields diminishing returns with respect to happiness.
    • Anthropologists found an inverse relation between wealth and happiness in undeveloped villages.

  • Topic 2: Mismatch/Technology Influences on Biology

    • Human culture reduces the usefulness of instincts via examples (e.g., sexual maturity at 14 vs societal norms, unlimited food access leading to obesity).
    • Agriculture and industrialization led to changes that our instincts did not evolve with (excessive food, leading to overweightiness), creating evolutionary incongruences.

  • Topic 3: Neurons and Drugs

    • Mismatch between modern environment and Environment of Evolutionary Adaptiveness (EEA) creates challenges for instincts.
    • Humans struggle to cope with readily available food and experiences like drugs, due to the mismatch.
    • Examples: Exercise, cocaine, and brain reaction to these stimuli.
    • Being a teenager is hard because there's a disconnect between when our body wants to do things versus when society says we can.

  • Topic 4: Hormones

    • Hormones are chemical signals crucial for bodily functions.
    • Examples of hormones include testosterone and estrogen which influence mood and behaviour.
    • Biological and physical consequences differ depending on whether people are male or female to these hormones.

  • Topic 5: Mating and Reproduction

    • Reproductive investment differs between mammals and birds.
    • Mammals invest more heavily during gestation and lactation; birds invest in eggs with varying parental care afterward.
    • These differences influence mating systems and social behaviour (such as monogamy).

  • Topic 6: Nutrition and Macromolecules

    • Not all proteins, fats, and carbohydrates are created equal in terms of function and structure.
    • Each macromolecule plays a crucial role in bodily functions, with unique structures fitting their primary functions.
    • Various types provide different benefits to humans depending on how they are used.

  • Topic 7: DNA Fingerprinting

    • STR (short tandem repeats) are highly variable, inherited, and play a significant part in DNA fingerprinting.
    • DNA fingerprinting uses STR loci to determine individual identity based on DNA profile.

  • Topic 8: Exam Information

    • There will be short answer questions on 6 of the 7 topics.
    • There will be 22 multiple choice questions.
    • Focus on the lecture material, especially on the high-priority topics.
    • A strong essay covering each of the topics could yield good marks.

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Description

Prepare for your Life Science 15 final with this review covering key topics on happiness, emotions, and the impact of technology on biology. Explore how evolutionary principles relate to well-being and understand the mismatch between human instincts and modern culture. This quiz is essential for grasping the complex interplay between our biological heritage and contemporary society.

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