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What is the primary function of the salivary glands in the human digestive system?
What is the primary function of the salivary glands in the human digestive system?
What role do the villi play in the small intestine?
What role do the villi play in the small intestine?
Which of the following processes describes the breakdown of large fat globules into smaller ones?
Which of the following processes describes the breakdown of large fat globules into smaller ones?
What is the function of the oesophagus in the digestive system?
What is the function of the oesophagus in the digestive system?
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What is the main function of the large intestine in the human digestive system?
What is the main function of the large intestine in the human digestive system?
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What is the primary site of photosynthesis in plants?
What is the primary site of photosynthesis in plants?
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What are the raw materials needed for photosynthesis?
What are the raw materials needed for photosynthesis?
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Which process do autotrophs use to convert inorganic materials into carbohydrates?
Which process do autotrophs use to convert inorganic materials into carbohydrates?
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What role do stomata play in the life processes of plants?
What role do stomata play in the life processes of plants?
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Which pigment is primarily involved in the photosynthesis process?
Which pigment is primarily involved in the photosynthesis process?
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What byproduct is released during the process of photosynthesis?
What byproduct is released during the process of photosynthesis?
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How do unicellular organisms obtain their food?
How do unicellular organisms obtain their food?
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What is the main function of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?
What is the main function of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?
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Which component is not part of the human excretory system?
Which component is not part of the human excretory system?
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What is the primary purpose of urine formation?
What is the primary purpose of urine formation?
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Which process is responsible for the initial filtering of blood in the nephron?
Which process is responsible for the initial filtering of blood in the nephron?
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What is the primary mode of respiration for terrestrial organisms?
What is the primary mode of respiration for terrestrial organisms?
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In haemodialysis, what is primarily being purified?
In haemodialysis, what is primarily being purified?
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Which of the following is NOT a method of gaseous exchange in plants?
Which of the following is NOT a method of gaseous exchange in plants?
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Which substance is generally NOT found in the urine after secretion?
Which substance is generally NOT found in the urine after secretion?
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What is the role of nephrons in the kidneys?
What is the role of nephrons in the kidneys?
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What components are included in the circulatory system of human beings?
What components are included in the circulatory system of human beings?
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What happens to the right atrium of the human heart when it contracts?
What happens to the right atrium of the human heart when it contracts?
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In plants, which of the following is a method of excretion?
In plants, which of the following is a method of excretion?
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Which part of the heart is responsible for pumping oxygenated blood into the aorta?
Which part of the heart is responsible for pumping oxygenated blood into the aorta?
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Which waste is commonly stored in the leaves or bark of plants?
Which waste is commonly stored in the leaves or bark of plants?
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Which of the following correctly identifies the main components of blood?
Which of the following correctly identifies the main components of blood?
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Which process occurs in the mitochondria during respiration?
Which process occurs in the mitochondria during respiration?
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What type of blood is carried by the vena cava to the right atrium?
What type of blood is carried by the vena cava to the right atrium?
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What is the role of stomata in plants?
What is the role of stomata in plants?
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What happens to the thoracic cavity during inhalation?
What happens to the thoracic cavity during inhalation?
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What is primarily released as an end product during anaerobic respiration?
What is primarily released as an end product during anaerobic respiration?
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Which structure is the last passage before air enters the blood capillaries?
Which structure is the last passage before air enters the blood capillaries?
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What occurs to the diaphragm during exhalation?
What occurs to the diaphragm during exhalation?
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What is the main purpose of breathing?
What is the main purpose of breathing?
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Which statement describes the energy yield of cellular respiration compared to anaerobic respiration?
Which statement describes the energy yield of cellular respiration compared to anaerobic respiration?
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During gas exchange, what primarily occurs at the alveoli?
During gas exchange, what primarily occurs at the alveoli?
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What is the primary function of platelets in the body?
What is the primary function of platelets in the body?
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Which of the following statements correctly describes lymph?
Which of the following statements correctly describes lymph?
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What distinguishes arteries from veins?
What distinguishes arteries from veins?
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Which of the following correctly characterizes xylem?
Which of the following correctly characterizes xylem?
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What is the process by which plants lose water vapor from their aerial parts called?
What is the process by which plants lose water vapor from their aerial parts called?
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What is the primary function of phloem in plants?
What is the primary function of phloem in plants?
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What is a characteristic of the blood's plasma component?
What is a characteristic of the blood's plasma component?
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What process describes the movement of food produced in leaves to different parts of a plant?
What process describes the movement of food produced in leaves to different parts of a plant?
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Study Notes
Life Processes
- Living things perform various processes to maintain their life
- These processes are called life processes
- Examples include growth, digestion, respiration, circulation, excretion, and nutrition
Examples of Life Processes
- Growth: Increase in size and complexity of an organism
- Digestion: Breakdown of complex food into simpler substances
- Respiration: Release of energy from food
- Circulation: Movement of substances within the organism
- Excretion: Removal of waste products from the organism
- Nutrition: Obtaining and utilizing food
Nutrition
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Autotrophic nutrition: Organisms that make their own food (e.g., plants through photosynthesis)
- Use inorganic materials like CO2, water, etc
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Heterotrophic nutrition: Organisms that obtain food from other organisms (e.g., animals)
- Depend on plants or other animals for food supply (directly/indirectly)
- Examples include:
- Holozoic nutrition: Intake of solid food and breakdown inside the body (e.g., animals)
- Saprophytic nutrition: Feeding on dead & decaying matter (e.g., fungi)
- Parasitic nutrition: Deriving nutrition from a host organism (e.g., cuscuta)
- Depend on plants or other animals for food supply (directly/indirectly)
Autotrophic Nutrition (Photosynthesis in Plants)
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Equation: 6CO₂ + 12H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ + 6H₂O
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Raw Materials: Sunlight, CO₂, water
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Chlorophyll: Green pigment in chloroplasts where photosynthesis occurs
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Site: Chloroplasts in leaves
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Main Events:
- Absorption of light energy by chlorophyll
- Conversion of light energy into chemical energy
- Splitting of water into hydrogen and oxygen
- Reduction of CO₂ to carbohydrates
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Stomata: Tiny pores on leaves for gas exchange (O₂ out, CO₂ in)
Nutrition in Humans
- Stages: Ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation, egestion
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Organs involved: Mouth, teeth, tongue, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine (with other glands like liver, pancreas)
- Different parts of the alimentary canal secrete digestive juices (enzymes) to break down different types of food
- Mechanism: food is broken down in different parts of the alimentary canal with the use of enzymes and mechanical actions. Different parts absorb different substances
Respiration
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Types:
- Aerobic Respiration: In the presence of oxygen (produces more energy)
- Anaerobic Respiration: In the absence of oxygen (produces less energy). e.g. muscle fatigue involves lactic acid formation during anaerobic respiration in muscle cells
- Equation (Aerobic): C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + Energy
- Equation (Anaerobic): Glucose --> Lactic Acid + Energy
Human Respiratory System
- Passage of air: Nostril → Nasal passage → Nasal cavity → Pharynx → Larynx → Trachea → Bronchi → Bronchioles → Alveoli (where gaseous exchange occurs)
- Mechanism of Breathing: Inhalation (chest cavity expands, air enters) vs. Exhalation (chest cavity contracts, air exits)
Exchange of Gases
- Alveoli are tiny air sacs where oxygen from the air diffuses into the blood and carbon dioxide from the blood diffuses into the air.
- Haemoglobin in red blood cells binds with oxygen in the lungs to transport it throughout the body.
- CO₂ is released in tissues.
- Oxygen (O₂) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) are exchanged between alveoli, blood, and tissues; in alveoli O₂ is bound to haemoglobin in red blood cells, and CO₂ is dissolved in blood.
Transportation in Humans
- Circulatory System: Heart (pump), blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries), blood (circulatory Medium)
- Blood circulation (in brief): Oxygenated blood from lungs → Left side of Heart → Body → Deoxygenated blood → Right side of Heart → Lungs.
- Parts of the heart: Four chambers (atria and ventricles) ensuring blood flow in one direction.
Transportation in Plants
- Xylem: Transports water and minerals from roots to other parts of the plant (passive process)
- Phloem: Transports food (products of photosynthesis) from leaves to other parts of the plant (active process needing energy)
Excretion in Humans
- Organs: Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
- Process: Filtration, reabsorption, secretion
- Waste: Urea (produced in the liver from ammonia) and other metabolic wastes are filtered out of blood by kidney to make urine; urine is then stored in the urinary bladder and expelled through the urethra
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Description
Explore the essential life processes that living organisms perform to sustain themselves. This quiz covers key concepts such as growth, digestion, respiration, circulation, excretion, and the different types of nutrition, including autotrophic and heterotrophic. Test your understanding of how these processes work together to support life.
