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Questions and Answers
What is recognized as the primary method of feeding infants?
What is recognized as the primary method of feeding infants?
Which organization emphasizes that infant nutrition should be viewed as a public health issue?
Which organization emphasizes that infant nutrition should be viewed as a public health issue?
What is one of the key recommendations for infant feeding in the first year of life?
What is one of the key recommendations for infant feeding in the first year of life?
What should not be introduced to infants before their first birthday?
What should not be introduced to infants before their first birthday?
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Which factors are essential for successful breastfeeding?
Which factors are essential for successful breastfeeding?
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What long-term advantages does breastfeeding provide according to the American Academy of Pediatrics?
What long-term advantages does breastfeeding provide according to the American Academy of Pediatrics?
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Which of the following is suggested to be introduced during complementary feeding around 6 months?
Which of the following is suggested to be introduced during complementary feeding around 6 months?
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What misconception might new mothers have regarding breastfeeding?
What misconception might new mothers have regarding breastfeeding?
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What is a key benefit of breastfeeding for infants?
What is a key benefit of breastfeeding for infants?
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What is a recommended dietary supplement for breastfed infants in Canada?
What is a recommended dietary supplement for breastfed infants in Canada?
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What is one of the direct benefits of breastfeeding regarding infant health?
What is one of the direct benefits of breastfeeding regarding infant health?
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What happens to an infant's iron needs after approximately six months of breastfeeding?
What happens to an infant's iron needs after approximately six months of breastfeeding?
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Which statement accurately reflects the changes in human milk post-birth?
Which statement accurately reflects the changes in human milk post-birth?
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Why might human milk be considered 'almost' ideal?
Why might human milk be considered 'almost' ideal?
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How do specialized proteins in breast milk assist with nutrient absorption?
How do specialized proteins in breast milk assist with nutrient absorption?
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Which factor is likely linked to the decline in SIDS deaths in Canada?
Which factor is likely linked to the decline in SIDS deaths in Canada?
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What is a significant role of the non-digestible carbohydrates found in human milk?
What is a significant role of the non-digestible carbohydrates found in human milk?
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What long-term cognitive benefit is associated with breastfeeding?
What long-term cognitive benefit is associated with breastfeeding?
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Which type of milk is initially high in immune factors?
Which type of milk is initially high in immune factors?
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What aspect of infant feeding does the Canadian health care system prioritize?
What aspect of infant feeding does the Canadian health care system prioritize?
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Which of the following is considered a downside of infant formulas compared to human milk?
Which of the following is considered a downside of infant formulas compared to human milk?
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Which condition is NOT reduced by breastfeeding according to the provided information?
Which condition is NOT reduced by breastfeeding according to the provided information?
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What is the role of foremilk during a feeding event?
What is the role of foremilk during a feeding event?
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How does breastfeeding impact the risk of obesity in infancy?
How does breastfeeding impact the risk of obesity in infancy?
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What is an appropriate feeding strategy as an infant develops beyond pureed foods?
What is an appropriate feeding strategy as an infant develops beyond pureed foods?
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Which practice is discouraged when feeding infants?
Which practice is discouraged when feeding infants?
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What is a common myth regarding infant feeding?
What is a common myth regarding infant feeding?
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What practice should be encouraged during the weaning process to whole cow's milk?
What practice should be encouraged during the weaning process to whole cow's milk?
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What should parents avoid feeding infants to help prevent milk anemia?
What should parents avoid feeding infants to help prevent milk anemia?
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What is the main factor contributing to the rise in food allergies according to the hygiene theory?
What is the main factor contributing to the rise in food allergies according to the hygiene theory?
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What does the process of inducing oral tolerance involve?
What does the process of inducing oral tolerance involve?
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Which statement correctly distinguishes food allergies from food intolerance?
Which statement correctly distinguishes food allergies from food intolerance?
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How might food dyes relate to ADHD according to the content?
How might food dyes relate to ADHD according to the content?
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What is a potential benefit of gaining oral tolerance to food allergens?
What is a potential benefit of gaining oral tolerance to food allergens?
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What is the primary source of hydration for infants from birth to 6 months?
What is the primary source of hydration for infants from birth to 6 months?
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Why are infants not developmentally ready for solid foods before approximately 6 months?
Why are infants not developmentally ready for solid foods before approximately 6 months?
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At what point should iron-containing foods be introduced into an infant's diet?
At what point should iron-containing foods be introduced into an infant's diet?
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What nutrient is given as an injection to infants at birth to support blood clotting?
What nutrient is given as an injection to infants at birth to support blood clotting?
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What should be avoided when introducing foods to infants to minimize the risk of allergies?
What should be avoided when introducing foods to infants to minimize the risk of allergies?
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What is the energy requirement for infants in their first year compared to a 20-year-old?
What is the energy requirement for infants in their first year compared to a 20-year-old?
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What is essential during the first year of an infant's life due to their high water content and surface area?
What is essential during the first year of an infant's life due to their high water content and surface area?
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Which food should never be given to infants during their first year?
Which food should never be given to infants during their first year?
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What can prolonged sucking on a bottle of milk or juice cause in infants?
What can prolonged sucking on a bottle of milk or juice cause in infants?
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What common reaction symptoms should parents look for when introducing new foods to infants?
What common reaction symptoms should parents look for when introducing new foods to infants?
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What is one of the most common allergens for infants?
What is one of the most common allergens for infants?
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What percentage of children reportedly have food allergies?
What percentage of children reportedly have food allergies?
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Which of the following allergens is most likely to cause severe allergic reactions such as anaphylaxis?
Which of the following allergens is most likely to cause severe allergic reactions such as anaphylaxis?
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After introducing a food that resulted in an allergic reaction, how long should parents wait before retesting?
After introducing a food that resulted in an allergic reaction, how long should parents wait before retesting?
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What is the primary factor in the development of food allergies in children?
What is the primary factor in the development of food allergies in children?
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What is a potential consequence of putting an infant to sleep with a bottle?
What is a potential consequence of putting an infant to sleep with a bottle?
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Which food is least likely to cause an allergic reaction in children compared to the others listed?
Which food is least likely to cause an allergic reaction in children compared to the others listed?
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What is anaphylaxis?
What is anaphylaxis?
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What is the recommended practice when introducing food textures as an infant develops?
What is the recommended practice when introducing food textures as an infant develops?
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Which of the following is a common myth about infant feeding?
Which of the following is a common myth about infant feeding?
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What should parents be cautious of when introducing whole cow's milk to infants?
What should parents be cautious of when introducing whole cow's milk to infants?
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What feeding habit should be encouraged during the early years to help establish good eating habits?
What feeding habit should be encouraged during the early years to help establish good eating habits?
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What is one reason why added sugars and salt should be avoided in infant foods?
What is one reason why added sugars and salt should be avoided in infant foods?
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What is a primary characteristic that differentiates food allergies from food intolerances?
What is a primary characteristic that differentiates food allergies from food intolerances?
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What does the term 'oral tolerance' refer to in the context of food allergies?
What does the term 'oral tolerance' refer to in the context of food allergies?
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Which hypothesis suggests that increased cleanliness and antibiotic use contribute to food allergies?
Which hypothesis suggests that increased cleanliness and antibiotic use contribute to food allergies?
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Which of the following statements is correct regarding the management of severe food allergies in children?
Which of the following statements is correct regarding the management of severe food allergies in children?
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What is the recommended source of hydration for infants from birth to 6 months?
What is the recommended source of hydration for infants from birth to 6 months?
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Which statement accurately reflects the relationship between ADHD and food allergies?
Which statement accurately reflects the relationship between ADHD and food allergies?
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At what age should iron-containing foods be introduced to an infant's diet?
At what age should iron-containing foods be introduced to an infant's diet?
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Which vitamin is given as an injection to infants at birth to aid in blood clotting?
Which vitamin is given as an injection to infants at birth to aid in blood clotting?
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Why is it important to avoid introducing solids before 6 months of age?
Why is it important to avoid introducing solids before 6 months of age?
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What is the energy requirement for an infant in their first year of life compared to a 20-year-old?
What is the energy requirement for an infant in their first year of life compared to a 20-year-old?
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What might be a risk of introducing solids too early to infants?
What might be a risk of introducing solids too early to infants?
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What should be provided after introducing iron-containing foods to ensure adequate nutrition?
What should be provided after introducing iron-containing foods to ensure adequate nutrition?
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What characteristic of an infant's body makes them more susceptible to dehydration?
What characteristic of an infant's body makes them more susceptible to dehydration?
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What consequence can result from prolonged sucking on a bottle of milk or juice?
What consequence can result from prolonged sucking on a bottle of milk or juice?
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When introducing new foods to infants, how long should parents wait to monitor for allergic reactions?
When introducing new foods to infants, how long should parents wait to monitor for allergic reactions?
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Which food is NOT commonly associated with causing allergies in infants?
Which food is NOT commonly associated with causing allergies in infants?
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What is a potential long-term consequence of putting an infant to sleep with a bottle?
What is a potential long-term consequence of putting an infant to sleep with a bottle?
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What severe allergic reaction can occur upon exposure to certain food proteins?
What severe allergic reaction can occur upon exposure to certain food proteins?
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What should parents do if an allergic reaction occurs after introducing a new food to their infant?
What should parents do if an allergic reaction occurs after introducing a new food to their infant?
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Which of the following allergens reports the highest incidence in children according to prevalence data?
Which of the following allergens reports the highest incidence in children according to prevalence data?
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What reaction symptoms should parents look for when introducing new foods to infants?
What reaction symptoms should parents look for when introducing new foods to infants?
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What is the primary reason for the immune response triggered by food proteins in children?
What is the primary reason for the immune response triggered by food proteins in children?
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Study Notes
Life Cycle Nutrition: Lactation
- Lactation is the feeding of infants in the first 6 months of life.
- The ability to breastfeed is learned, not instinctive.
- Successful breastfeeding requires education for the mother, support from the family and partner, and access to community healthcare systems.
Infant Feeding Recommendations
- Exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months of life.
- Continue breastfeeding while introducing complementary foods, starting with iron-rich sources (~6 months).
- Unmodified cow's milk should not be introduced until after 1 year of age.
Breastfeeding Rates in Canada
- Breastfeeding initiation rates vary across provinces and territories (from 57% to 96% in 2011–2012).
- Breastfeeding initiation rates are 76% in Newfoundland and Labrador in 2016 (compared to 30% in the 1970s)
Maternal Diet Quality and Lactation
- Maternal diet has a minimal effect on the absolute macronutrient content (energy and protein) of breast milk.
- However, the quality of fat in the diet does impact the composition of fatty acids in breast milk (high n-3 intake leads to higher n-3 FA in milk).
- Also, water soluble vitamins in maternal diet may vary in breastmilk, but deficiencies are rare. Excess intake doesn't typically cross into milk.
- Fat-soluble vitamins can reach very high concentrations in breastmilk.
- The minerals in milk aren't related to the quality of the maternal diet. Calcium is drawn from the maternal skeleton, although it is replenished after breastfeeding. Similarly, maternal iron stores are used, but replenished.
Nutrient Recommendations for Lactation
- Approximately 650 ml of milk is produced per day during established lactation.
- The metabolic cost of milk production is about 500-kcal per day for 0-6 months, and 400 kcal/d for >6 months.
- Additional energy requirements can be met by stored maternal fat gained during pregnancy.
- Dieting while breastfeeding should be avoided.
- Maternal supplements should be used with caution and include high quality products (tested for contaminants) such as n-3 fatty acids from fish oil. Avoid cod liver oil, as its vitamin A content is often too high.
Nutrient Recommendations for Lactation cont'd
- A high fluid intake (3.8 L/day, including water) is needed for adequate milk production.
- Limit caffeine intake to less than 300mg/day (approximately 500ml coffee).
- Alcohol passes into breast milk and can affect milk production.
- Certain food components (cow's milk, peanuts etc) can be transferred into breast milk, but in the vast majority of cases, there are no restrictions when it comes to diet.
Importance of Human Milk for Human Health
- Infants who are breastfed have a lower risk of respiratory infections, gastrointestinal infections, and ear infections; sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS); and are less likely to be obese as infants and as children. Better cognitive development, better school performance scores, and higher IQ is also more likely with breast feeding.
- Breastfeeding also provides a lower risk of developing food allergies and autoimmune diseases (type 1 diabetes and celiac disease).
- SIDS deaths have declined in Canada over the past 30 years, likely due to campaigns promoting infant placement on their backs and increased breastfeeding rates.
Nutritional Composition of Human Milk
- Composition, volume, and content change within a day.
- The first few days' milk (colostrum) is rich in immune factors to protect the infant, and subsequent (foremilk) has a high water and lactose content.
- The latter portion of milk production in each feeding (hindmilk) is high in fat, which may signal satiety.
- Nutrients with low concentrations in the milk are absorbed very efficiently. Iron absorption is facilitated by specialized proteins in the milk.
Composition cont'd
- Human milk contains proteins with immune-protective properties (antibacterial & antiviral) also designed to target pathogens in their environment, and includes hormones that influence gut function and growth.
- The milk also contains non-digestible carbohydrates that benefit the gut microbiome.
- Many bioactive peptides and molecules with currently unknown functions are found in human milk.
Nutritional Composition cont'd
- Vitamin D levels in breast milk are low compared to current estimates of requirements.
- Some toddlers who were breastfed experienced D-deficiency rickets and have been identified.
- It is recommended to supplement with 10 µg/d (400 IU) of vitamin D3 for breastfed infants.
- Iron concentrations and stores in breastfed infants are sufficient for the first ~6 months, but another dietary source of iron is needed thereafter.
Benefits of Breastfeeding (for Infants & Mothers)
- Infants benefit from appropriate nutrient composition and physiological development, including cognitive development and protection against infections and chronic diseases (e.g., type 1 diabetes and hypertension). Breastfeeding for Infants also protects them from food allergies.
- Mothers also see benefits, such as contractions of the uterus (this delays ovulation, helps breastfeed for longer, and is not a reliable method of birth control); conservation of iron stores; and reduced risk of breast and ovarian cancers.
- Breastfeeding provides both financial and environmental savings to mothers and to society (there's no need to buy formula, to manufacture the formula, or to dispose of the packaging). On an individual level, a nursing mother saves approximately $450 in formula costs in the first six months alone.
10 Steps to Successful Breastfeeding
- Maternity facilities should develop written breastfeeding policies and train their staff in implementing these policies.
- Staff should educate pregnant women on breastfeeding benefits, initiate breastfeeding within 12 hours of birth, and help mothers maintain lactation if necessary.
- Breastfeeding practices should include newborn infants being fed exclusively with breast milk (unless otherwise medically required) with rooming-in, breastfeeding on demand.
- Artificial nipples and pacifiers should not be used. Support groups should be encouraged and referrals for ongoing support.
Breast Milk vs. Infant Formula
- Cow's milk-based formulas are modified to mimic human milk ("humanized") but are vastly different, and higher in nutritional protein compared to human milk (potentially contributing to early obesity).
- Formulas are homogeneous in composition, and recent advances have brought the addition of n-3 fatty acids and non-digestible carbs (such as soluble fiber).
- Infant formula feeding is more costly than breastfeeding.
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Description
Explore the essential aspects of lactation and infant feeding in this quiz focused on nutrition during the first year of life. Understand the importance of breastfeeding, maternal health, and community support. Test your knowledge on the recommendations and statistics surrounding breastfeeding practices.
