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Questions and Answers
What is the term for atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons?
What is the term for atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons?
Which electron shell is closest to the nucleus and contains only one s orbital?
Which electron shell is closest to the nucleus and contains only one s orbital?
How many electrons can occupy a single orbital?
How many electrons can occupy a single orbital?
What happens when a radioactive isotope decays?
What happens when a radioactive isotope decays?
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What is the maximum number of electrons the second shell can accommodate?
What is the maximum number of electrons the second shell can accommodate?
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Which of the following best describes the role of a radioactive isotope in medical applications?
Which of the following best describes the role of a radioactive isotope in medical applications?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding atomic structure?
Which of the following statements is true regarding atomic structure?
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What determines how an atom reacts with other atoms?
What determines how an atom reacts with other atoms?
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What is the maximum number of electrons that can be found in the second shell of an atom?
What is the maximum number of electrons that can be found in the second shell of an atom?
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Which element has a valence of four?
Which element has a valence of four?
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What is the term for the number of unpaired valence electrons in an atom?
What is the term for the number of unpaired valence electrons in an atom?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding the octet rule?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the octet rule?
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What kind of bond involves the sharing of a pair of electrons between two atoms?
What kind of bond involves the sharing of a pair of electrons between two atoms?
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How many orbitals are there in the second shell of an atom?
How many orbitals are there in the second shell of an atom?
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Which of the following elements does NOT typically follow the octet rule?
Which of the following elements does NOT typically follow the octet rule?
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What causes the repulsion between atomic nuclei?
What causes the repulsion between atomic nuclei?
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Which type of covalent bond results in the sharing of three pairs of electrons?
Which type of covalent bond results in the sharing of three pairs of electrons?
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How is molecular weight defined?
How is molecular weight defined?
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What is the molarity of a solution?
What is the molarity of a solution?
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What determines an atom's electronegativity?
What determines an atom's electronegativity?
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What type of bond results from unequal sharing of electrons?
What type of bond results from unequal sharing of electrons?
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What charge develops around the more electronegative atom in a polar covalent bond?
What charge develops around the more electronegative atom in a polar covalent bond?
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Which molecule would most likely contain the largest number of polar covalent bonds?
Which molecule would most likely contain the largest number of polar covalent bonds?
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What type of bond involves a complete transfer of electrons between atoms?
What type of bond involves a complete transfer of electrons between atoms?
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Which of the following is true about polar molecules?
Which of the following is true about polar molecules?
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What are negatively charged ions called?
What are negatively charged ions called?
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Which force is responsible for the attractions between nonpolar molecules?
Which force is responsible for the attractions between nonpolar molecules?
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What happens to ionic bonds when salt is introduced into water?
What happens to ionic bonds when salt is introduced into water?
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In a chemical reaction, what are the substances called that are converted to products?
In a chemical reaction, what are the substances called that are converted to products?
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What type of bond do not share electrons?
What type of bond do not share electrons?
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What is the primary characteristic of hydrophobic molecules?
What is the primary characteristic of hydrophobic molecules?
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What must occur in a chemical equation to comply with the law of conservation of mass?
What must occur in a chemical equation to comply with the law of conservation of mass?
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Which statement correctly defines a calorie?
Which statement correctly defines a calorie?
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What characterizes a 1 molar (1 M) solution of NaCl?
What characterizes a 1 molar (1 M) solution of NaCl?
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Which of the following describes how water behaves when it freezes?
Which of the following describes how water behaves when it freezes?
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How does the mole concept aid in quantitative analysis?
How does the mole concept aid in quantitative analysis?
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What role does water play in living organisms?
What role does water play in living organisms?
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What property of water is primarily responsible for its ability to form hydrogen bonds?
What property of water is primarily responsible for its ability to form hydrogen bonds?
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Why do chemical bonds store potential energy?
Why do chemical bonds store potential energy?
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What is the primary reason ice floats in liquid water?
What is the primary reason ice floats in liquid water?
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What does specific heat indicate in the context of liquid water?
What does specific heat indicate in the context of liquid water?
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What property of water contributes to its high surface tension?
What property of water contributes to its high surface tension?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding the specific heat of water?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the specific heat of water?
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How does water's cohesive strength affect its movement in trees?
How does water's cohesive strength affect its movement in trees?
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What happens to water when it freezes?
What happens to water when it freezes?
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What defines an acid in terms of its behavior in water?
What defines an acid in terms of its behavior in water?
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What is the relationship between the polarity of a substance and the energy required to change its temperature?
What is the relationship between the polarity of a substance and the energy required to change its temperature?
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Study Notes
Life and Chemistry: Small Molecules
- Atoms are the fundamental building blocks of matter.
- Chemical bonds connect atoms together, forming molecules.
- Chemical reactions involve atoms changing partners.
- Water has unique properties crucial for life.
- Acids, bases, and the pH scale describe how acidic or basic a substance is.
- Properties of molecules are influenced by their composition, structure, reactivity, and solubility. Functional groups and isomerism are important concepts.
Objectives (ILOs)
- Students should be familiar with chemical terminology.
- Understand the basics of atoms and their properties including energy levels and orbitals.
- Develop a strong understanding of various chemical bonds (between atoms and molecules)
- Understand the properties of water
- Know the concept of kinetic energy and heat.
- Ability to calculate the pH of a substance.
- Understand the concept of isomers and apply it in context
- Students should understand various functional groups' importance.
- Understand the function of carbon atoms
Atoms: The Constituents of Matter
- Matter consists of atoms.
- Atomic structure dictates element behavior.
- Atoms are comprised of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
- Elements have unique atomic numbers (protons).
- Mass numbers are the sum of protons and neutrons.
- Atomic weight is the average mass of naturally occurring isotopes.
- Each element has a unique symbol and is organized in a table (periodic table)
- Electron shells or energy levels surround the nucleus.
- Each shell has a limited number of electrons.
- valence shell is the outermost shell and determines reactivity.
- Valence electrons participate in bonding
Atoms: The Octet Rule
- Atoms are typically stable when their outer shell has eight electrons (octet rule)
- Atoms without a full octet will gain, lose, or share electrons to achieve stability.
Chemical Bonds: Linking Atoms Together
- Molecules form when atoms bond.
- Covalent bonds form by sharing pairs of electrons.
- In covalent bonds atoms with different electronegativities form polar covalent bonds.
- Hydrogen bonds form weak attractions between slightly charged portions of polar molecules.
- Ionic bonds form by complete transfer of electrons.
Quantifying Molecules
- Molecular weight is the sum of the atomic weights of atoms in a molecule
- One mole equals 6.022 × 10²³ molecules
- Molarity (M) measures concentration as the number of moles per liter
Water: Structure and Properties
- Water is essential for life.
- Water is a polar molecule because of unequal electron sharing.
- Exceptional Properties:
- High Specific heat (ability to absorb or release heat)
- High Heat of vaporization (energy to convert water to gas).
- Cohesion and adhesion of water molecules (important in transport).
- Ice's density is less than liquid water.
- Water is an excellent solvent for other polar or ionic substances.
Acids, Bases, and the pH Scale
- Acids release H+ and bases release OH-
- pH scale measures acidity.
- Buffer solutions resist pH changes.
Properties of Molecules
- Molecules are classified based on their structure, composition, reactivity, and solubility.
- Functional groups are components responsible for the unique properties of molecules
- Isomers exhibit same chemical formula but different atomic arrangements.
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Description
This quiz covers essential concepts in chemistry, focusing on small molecules and their properties. Students will examine the structure of atoms, chemical bonds, and the significance of water's unique properties. Key topics include pH scale, functional groups, and isomerism, providing a foundation for understanding chemical reactions and terminology.
