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Questions and Answers
What is the main function of the brain in the nervous system?
What is the main function of the brain in the nervous system?
Which component of the peripheral nervous system controls automatic processes like heartbeat and digestion?
Which component of the peripheral nervous system controls automatic processes like heartbeat and digestion?
What is the function of the sensory neuron in the peripheral nervous system?
What is the function of the sensory neuron in the peripheral nervous system?
Which part of the nervous system is responsible for connecting to the rest of the body, including the arms and legs?
Which part of the nervous system is responsible for connecting to the rest of the body, including the arms and legs?
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What is the role of the somatic nervous system in the peripheral nervous system?
What is the role of the somatic nervous system in the peripheral nervous system?
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Which part of the nervous system is responsible for transmitting impulses from the CNS to muscles and glands?
Which part of the nervous system is responsible for transmitting impulses from the CNS to muscles and glands?
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What does the autonomic nervous system mainly control?
What does the autonomic nervous system mainly control?
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What distinguishes the roles of a sensory neuron (efferent) from a motor neuron (afferent) in the peripheral nervous system?
What distinguishes the roles of a sensory neuron (efferent) from a motor neuron (afferent) in the peripheral nervous system?
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What is a key function of the central nervous system spinal cord?
What is a key function of the central nervous system spinal cord?
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How does the brain function as part of the nervous system?
How does the brain function as part of the nervous system?
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Study Notes
Lie Detection Techniques
- Polygraphy: a process of detecting deception using a polygraph machine, which measures changes in blood pressure, pulse, respiration, and skin resistance as indicators of emotional disturbance, particularly lying.
- Polygraph: a sensor-equipped device that tracks and measures physical changes associated with the vegetative nervous system.
Historical Background of Lie Detection Techniques
- Luigi Galvani (1791): introduced the galvanic skin reflex (GSR), which measures the electrical resistance of the body, expressed in ohms.
- Cesare Lombroso (1836-1909): developed the hydro sphygmograph, the first scientific equipment for detecting deception, which measured variations in pulse and blood pressure.
- Francis Galton (1879): created the word association test, a psychological test in which the patient is given a group of words that are sufficiently separated in time for the patient to say their first idea formed from each word.
- Angelo Mosso (1895): researched the impact of fear on the cardiovascular system, serving as the basis for techniques used to detect lies.
- Otto Veraguth (1907): used the technique of word association with a galvanometer, inventing the term "psychogalvanic reflex" (later changed to electrodermal response).
- Vittorio Benussi (1914): introduced the pneumograph to detect deception, a device that depicts inhalation graphically.
- William Moulton Marston (1915): experimented with the sphygmomanometer, conducting research on its ability to detect lies, earning him the title "Father of Modern Polygraphy".
- Harold Burtt (1918): found that changes in systolic blood pressure were more effective than changes in breathing in detecting deception.
- John Larson (1921): developed a device that continuously and simultaneously measures blood pressure, pulse, and respiration.
Historical Methods of Lie Detection
- Wager of Battle: a medieval method where the judgment of God was thought to determine the winner, with the defeated party allowed to live as a recreant.
- Ordeal by Balance: used in ancient India, where the accused was placed on one side of a scale, and if they were found lighter, they were acquitted.
- Ordeal by Rice Chewing: an ancient Indian method where the person on trial eats a specific type of rice, and if saliva is mixed with blood or the corner of their mouth swells, they are declared a liar.
- Boiling Water Ordeal: a medieval method where the accused had to lift a stone out of boiling water; if they succeeded, they were considered innocent.
Observation Methods
- Non-verbal clues:
- Deep breathing
- Blushing, paling, or profuse sweating of the forehead
- Rolling of eyeballs
- Dilation of the eyes
- Protusion of eyeballs and elevation of upper eyelids
- Fidgeting, tapping, or drumming of fingers on the chair or other surfaces
- Squinting and excessive winking of the eyes
- Twitching of the lips
- Unnecessary movements of the hands and feet
- Failure to look the inquirer
- Pulsation of the carotid artery in the neck
- Excessive activity of the Adam's apple
- Incoherence, trembling, and sweating of the whole body
- Verbal clues:
- Vague answers
- Laughing it off
- Exaggerated honesty
- Sympathy
- Answering a question with a question
The Human Body System: Nervous System
- Receives, evaluates, integrates, and stores input from the environment via the brain and nerve tissues.
- Sends messages to various parts and organs for a specific reaction.
- The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord.
- The peripheral nervous system includes sensory neurons, motor neurons, somatic nervous system, and autonomic nervous system.
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Description
Explore the basic concepts and historical background of lie detection techniques, specifically focusing on polygraphy. Learn about the process of detecting deception using a polygraph machine, which measures changes in blood pressure, pulse, respiration, and skin resistance as indicators of emotional disturbance.
