T1 L16: Neurobiology of Dementias and Clinical Aspects (GR)
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is a common presenting symptom of prion disorders?

  • Gastrointestinal symptoms
  • Musculoskeletal symptoms
  • Cognitive symptoms (correct)
  • Respiratory symptoms

    • What is the incidence of prion disorders per million per year?

  • 85
  • 39
  • 1 (correct)
  • 20

    • Which of the following is NOT a diagnostic step for prion disorders?

  • Neuroimaging
  • Blood screen
  • Electroencephalogram (EEG) (correct)
  • Neuropsychological assessment

    • Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of dementia?

    <p>Absence of change in functional abilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected community prevalence of Alzheimer's disease (AD)?

    <p>50-60%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common presenting symptom of dementia?

    <p>Difficulties finding words</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key neuropathological feature of Alzheimer's disease?

    <p>Intra neuronal inclusion bodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein is primarily responsible for the formation of neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer's disease?

    <p>Tau</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease?

    <p>High level of exercise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a typical presentation of Alzheimer's disease?

    <p>Impaired episodic memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the second most common degenerative form of dementia?

    <p>Parkinson's disease dementia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main protein component of Lewy bodies?

    <p>Alpha-synuclein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region of the brain is mainly affected in Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration (FTLD)?

    <p>Frontal and temporal lobes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common mechanism causing vascular dementia?

    <p>Subcortical small-vessel disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes dementia?

    <p>A set of different symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the pathology of dementia disorders and the symptoms they cause?

    <p>Pathology may start many years before the clinical symptoms occur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long does cognitive decline need to last for a diagnosis of dementia?

    <p>At least six months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key feature of Alzheimer's disease?

    <p>Dysfunction of the cholinergic system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain region is primarily affected in Alzheimer's disease?

    <p>Hippocampus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of drugs are commonly used to treat Alzheimer's disease?

    <p>Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the most common cause of dementia?

    <p>Alzheimer's disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum duration of history needed to confidently diagnose dementia?

    <p>6 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common feature of Lewy body dementia?

    <p>Motor and cognitive symptoms occur simultaneously</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which age group is more likely to have frontotemporal lobe degeneration disorders?

    <p>People under 60</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main pathological entity found in the brains of people with Alzheimer's disease?

    <p>Amyloid beta plaques</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which metabolic pathway leads to the formation of amyloid beta peptides?

    <p>Amyloidogenic metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for cleaving the amyloid beta protein in a way that does not lead to the formation of beta amyloid peptides?

    <p>Alpha secretase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genetic mutations are associated with familial Alzheimer's disease?

    <p>Amyloid precursor protein gene mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a microscopic change observed in dementia disorders?

    <p>Neurofibrillary tangles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an extracellular protein pathology seen in dementia disorders?

    <p>Amyloid plaques</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a macroscopic finding in dementia disorders?

    <p>Loss of cortical brain volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of dementia is characterized by a more global pattern of cortical volume loss?

    <p>Alzheimer's disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein is primarily responsible for stabilizing microtubules in the cellular transport system?

    <p>Tau protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when tau protein becomes over-phosphorylated?

    <p>It becomes dysfunctional in stabilizing microtubules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main consequence of over-phosphorylated tau protein detaching from microtubules?

    <p>Destruction of neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathological process follows the deposition of amyloid beta in Alzheimer's disease?

    <p>Tau protein build-up</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main proteins involved in the pathological process of Alzheimer's disease?

    <p>Beta amyloid and tau protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key neuropathological feature of Alzheimer's disease?

    <p>Formation of amyloid beta plaques and neurofibrillary tangles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein is responsible for some forms of frontotemporal dementia?

    <p>Tau protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main protein component of Lewy bodies?

    <p>Alpha synuclein protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes dementia?

    <p>A set of different symptoms that involve progressive deterioration in memory and other cognitive abilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the pathology of dementia disorders and the symptoms they cause?

    <p>The symptoms of dementia are related to the disorders that cause the syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected community prevalence of Alzheimer's disease (AD)?

    <p>1 in 100 people</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common presenting symptom of dementia?

    <p>Forgetfulness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of dementia is characterized by changes in behavior and personality, and may include features such as becoming more irritable or impulsive?

    <p>Frontotemporal dementia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein is primarily responsible for the formation of neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer's disease?

    <p>Tau protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a microscopic change observed in dementia disorders?

    <p>Neurofibrillary tangles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system is primarily affected in Alzheimer's disease?

    <p>The cholinergic system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of drugs are commonly used to treat Alzheimer's disease?

    <p>Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are activated in the inflammatory reaction in the brain?

    <p>Microglial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein is primarily responsible for stabilizing microtubules in the cellular transport system?

    <p>Tau protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main consequence of over-phosphorylated tau protein detaching from microtubules?

    <p>Formation of neurofibrillary tangles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key neuropathological feature of Alzheimer's disease?

    <p>Tau protein accumulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the pathology of dementia disorders and the symptoms they cause?

    <p>Direct correlation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein is primarily responsible for the formation of neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer's disease?

    <p>Tau protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main protein component of Lewy bodies?

    <p>FAS alpha synuclein protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the most common cause of dementia?

    <p>Alzheimer's disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main consequence of over-phosphorylated tau protein detaching from microtubules?

    <p>Cell death and brain atrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cognitive domain is primarily affected in dementia disorders?

    <p>Memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which age group is more likely to have frontotemporal lobe degeneration disorders?

    <p>People under the age of 60</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is considered a primary neurodegenerative dementia?

    <p>Alzheimer's disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following enzymes is responsible for cleaving the amyloid beta protein in a way that leads to the formation of beta amyloid peptides?

    <p>Beta secretase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following proteins is primarily responsible for the formation of neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer's disease?

    <p>Tau protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following genetic mutations can cause familial Alzheimer's disease?

    <p>Mutations in the amyloid beta protein gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key feature of Alzheimer's disease?

    <p>Deposition of amyloid beta plaques</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Dementia: Neurobiology and Clinical Aspects

    • Dementia is a syndrome caused by various disorders that start years before clinical manifestation.
    • Dementia is characterized by a decline in memory and cognitive abilities, lasting at least 6 months and with progressive symptoms.
    • Prevalence of dementia: 50-60% Alzheimer's disease (AD), 15% vascular dementia (VaD), 10-15% Lewy body dementias, 1-2% frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD).
    • Common presenting symptoms of dementia include forgetfulness, difficulties learning new things, social withdrawal, and personality changes.
    • Neuropathology of dementia disorders includes intra and extra neuronal changes, such as amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles.
    • Alzheimer's disease is characterized by the presence of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles composed of tau protein.
    • Risk factors for Alzheimer's disease include age, vascular risk factors, lack of exercise, low education, diet, family history, and genetic factors.
    • Typical presentation of Alzheimer's disease includes impaired episodic memory, visuospatial dysfunction, and executive dysfunction.
    • Lewy body dementias, including dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson's disease dementia, are the second most common degenerative form of dementia.
    • Lewy bodies are present in up to 30% of all autopsy dementia samples and are composed of alpha-synuclein protein.
    • Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) is the second most common neurodegenerative dementia after Alzheimer's disease in people under 65.
    • Vascular dementia is not a neurodegenerative dementia but is often associated with vascular pathology and can have heterogeneous clinical manifestations.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on Lewy body dementia, a form of degenerative dementia. Learn about its two forms, Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and Parkinson's disease dementia, and its prevalence among the population. Discover key facts and statistics in this informative quiz.

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