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Questions and Answers
Who came up with the theory of levels of processing and when?
Craig and Lockhart, 1972
Levels of processing was put forward as a criticism of what other theory?
Multi-store model
What is the idea behind LOP regarding memory?
Processing information
Craik and Lockhart proposed that memory is what?
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How did Craik define depth?
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What are the 3 ways we process information?
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What is shallow processing?
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What is deep processing?
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Summarize Craig and Lockhart's theory conclusion.
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When was Craik and Tulving's experiment conducted?
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How many participants were there in the study?
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Participants were shown a list of how many words?
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What were the questions asked to participants about a certain word?
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Study Notes
Levels of Processing Theory Overview
- Developed by Craik and Lockhart in 1972 as a critique of the Multi-store model of memory.
- Centers on the concept that memory retention is closely linked to the depth of information processing.
Depth of Processing
- Defined by Craik as the meaningfulness extracted from a stimulus, not merely the volume of analyses conducted.
- Emphasizes that memory is a by-product of information processing depth, blurring the lines between short-term and long-term memory.
Processing Methods
- Three levels of processing affect memory encoding:
- Structural Processing: Involves encoding physical characteristics (appearance); considered shallow.
- Phonemic Processing: Involves encoding the sound of the information; remains shallow.
- Semantic Processing: Involves encoding the meaning and relating it to similar concepts; considered deep processing.
Shallow vs. Deep Processing
- Shallow Processing: Relies on maintenance rehearsal; links to short-term retention, primarily used in the Multi-store model.
- Deep Processing: Utilizes elaborative rehearsal through meaningful analyses, leading to enhanced recall by connecting new information to existing knowledge.
Conclusions of the Theory
- The way information is encoded significantly impacts its recall ability; deeper processing leads to easier retrieval.
Craik and Tulving Experiment Overview
- Conducted in 1975 with 24 participants (university students of various ages and genders).
- Participants were shown a list of 60 words, followed by questions designed to probe different processing levels:
- Structural Processing: "Was the word in capital letters or lower case?"
- Phonemic Processing: "Does the word rhyme with (another word)?"
- Semantic Processing: "Does the word fit in the following sentence?"
Key Findings
- Deeper levels of processing correlate with improved memory retention and recall ability.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the Levels of Processing theory proposed by Craik and Lockhart in 1972. This quiz will cover key concepts and criticisms of the multi-store model of memory. Perfect for psychology students looking to reinforce their understanding of memory processing.
