Levels of Immune Response and Pathogen Defense

What is the function of mucous secretions in the physical barrier of the immune system?

Neutralize antigens in the body
Aid in clearing pathogens from skin and mucous surfaces (correct)
Promote the production of antibodies
Activate macrophages and neutrophils

Which type of immunity is rapidly activated and involves pre-existing enzymes and proteins such as those found in tears and saliva?

Passive immunity
Innate immunity (correct)
Acquired immunity
Physical immunity

What are antibodies primarily responsible for in the immune response?

Causing disease symptoms
Neutralizing, tagging, or destroying antigens (correct)
Activating memory cells
Promoting vaccination

What is the function of antiserum in the context of immunity?

Containing antibodies against specific antigens, injected to treat or protect against specific diseases (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of memory cells in the immune response?

Capable of an immediate response to reappearance of the same antigen (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of protecting against adverse effects of a disease causing organism?

Vaccination (D) Signup and view all the answers

What type of immunisation is long lasting and can be re-stimulated following exposure?

Active (D) Signup and view all the answers

What term is used for the immune response occurring on second and subsequent exposures to an antigen?

Secondary immune response (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the injection of pre-synthesized elements of the immune system to confer immediate protection?

Artificial passive immunisation (A) Signup and view all the answers

When are antibodies transferred from mother to foetus during pregnancy to protect the foetus before and shortly after birth?

Natural immunisation (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of reducing the virulence of living organisms for vaccine development known as?

Attenuation (D) Signup and view all the answers

How are viruses commonly attenuated to reduce their virulence?

By prolonged tissue culture (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of vaccines involve manipulation of the pathogen's DNA to either neutralize the pathogen or to create fragments of antigens?

Genetically engineered vaccines (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of adjuvants in the context of vaccine development?

Enhance the immune response (C) Signup and view all the answers

What forms in the tissues when antigen is mixed with certain adjuvants and injected into an animal?

Macrophage-rich granuloma (B) Signup and view all the answers

What are the properties of the perfect vaccine according to the text?

Stable, adaptable to mass vaccination, and stimulate an immune response slightly different from the natural one (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the risk associated with live vaccines according to the text?

May cause symptoms in recipient and/or in-contacts, and may revert to virulence (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main concern with inactivated vaccines as mentioned in the text?

Increased cost and risk of local and hypersensitivity reactions (C) Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important not to alter the antigenic properties of the organism when creating vaccines?

To ensure that the body of the recipient doesn’t recognize them (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between live and inactivated vaccines based on the information provided?

Risk of causing disease and induction of immunity (D) Signup and view all the answers