20 Questions
What is the function of mucous secretions in the physical barrier of the immune system?
Aid in clearing pathogens from skin and mucous surfaces
Which type of immunity is rapidly activated and involves pre-existing enzymes and proteins such as those found in tears and saliva?
Innate immunity
What are antibodies primarily responsible for in the immune response?
Neutralizing, tagging, or destroying antigens
What is the function of antiserum in the context of immunity?
Containing antibodies against specific antigens, injected to treat or protect against specific diseases
What is the role of memory cells in the immune response?
Capable of an immediate response to reappearance of the same antigen
What is the process of protecting against adverse effects of a disease causing organism?
Vaccination
What type of immunisation is long lasting and can be re-stimulated following exposure?
Active
What term is used for the immune response occurring on second and subsequent exposures to an antigen?
Secondary immune response
What is the term for the injection of pre-synthesized elements of the immune system to confer immediate protection?
Artificial passive immunisation
When are antibodies transferred from mother to foetus during pregnancy to protect the foetus before and shortly after birth?
Natural immunisation
What is the process of reducing the virulence of living organisms for vaccine development known as?
Attenuation
How are viruses commonly attenuated to reduce their virulence?
By prolonged tissue culture
Which type of vaccines involve manipulation of the pathogen's DNA to either neutralize the pathogen or to create fragments of antigens?
Genetically engineered vaccines
What is the primary function of adjuvants in the context of vaccine development?
Enhance the immune response
What forms in the tissues when antigen is mixed with certain adjuvants and injected into an animal?
Macrophage-rich granuloma
What are the properties of the perfect vaccine according to the text?
Stable, adaptable to mass vaccination, and stimulate an immune response slightly different from the natural one
What is the risk associated with live vaccines according to the text?
May cause symptoms in recipient and/or in-contacts, and may revert to virulence
What is the main concern with inactivated vaccines as mentioned in the text?
Increased cost and risk of local and hypersensitivity reactions
Why is it important not to alter the antigenic properties of the organism when creating vaccines?
To ensure that the body of the recipient doesn’t recognize them
What is the primary difference between live and inactivated vaccines based on the information provided?
Risk of causing disease and induction of immunity
Test your knowledge about the physical, innate, and acquired levels of immune response and pathogen defense. Learn about the role of skin, mucous secretions, pre-existing enzymes, macrophages, neutrophils, and specific cells and antibodies produced by the immune system.
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