Levels of Consciousness and Hallucinations
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Levels of Consciousness and Hallucinations

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Questions and Answers

Which substance can cause a combination of vertical, horizontal, and even rotary nystagmus?

  • Phencyclidine (correct)
  • Primidone
  • Meprobamate
  • Lithium

    • What is a possible etiology of horizontal nystagmus other than alcohols?

  • Quinine
  • Phenytoin
  • Solvents (correct)
  • Barbiturates

    • In the context of nystagmus, what finding is associated with MAO inhibitor overdose?

  • Garlic odor
  • Rotten egg odor
  • Burns in the mouth
  • Periodic gaze disturbances (correct)

    • What substance can be recognized by a bitter almonds odor in cases of poisoning?

    <p>Cyanide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is suggested by severe pallor in the context of skin findings?

    <p>Ergot intoxication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What skin finding is associated with atropine and other antimuscarinic agents?

    <p>Flushed, hot, and dry skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the important variables in the autonomic physical examination for a poisoned patient?

    <p>Blood pressure, Pulse rate, Pupil size, Sweating, Peristaltic activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can clinical toxin-pattern recognition be achieved in poisoned patients?

    <p>By observing specific symptom complexes associated with certain toxins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the concept of 'toxidromes'?

    <p>To assist clinicians in identifying toxins by specific symptom complexes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of 'Lethargic' according to the text?

    <p>Drowsy and needing gentle touch to initiate response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a poisoned patient, what should the clinician focus on regarding the patient's sensorium?

    <p>Mental status and level of consciousness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is taking a history not always reliable for determining the toxin in a poisoned patient?

    <p>The symptoms of poisoning can mimic other medical conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which syndrome is characterized by excessive stimulation causing depolarization blockage, tachycardia followed by bradycardia, and muscle fasciculations followed by paralysis?

    <p>Nicotinic-cholinergic syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of mixed-cholinergic syndrome?

    <p>Dilated pupils and dry skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug category inhibits the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) by blocking the action of acetylcholine?

    <p>Antihistamines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the symptoms of anticholinergic syndrome?

    <p>Dilated pupils, hot and dry skin, urinary retention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of poisoning can lead to miosis, increased peristaltic activity, and muscle weakness or paralysis?

    <p>Organophosphate poisoning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following medications is least likely to cause seizures due to overdose?

    <p>Cocaine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of coma may be mistaken for brain death in cases of deep coma due to opioid or sedative-hypnotic intoxication?

    <p>Flaccid coma with absent reflexes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which adrenergic receptor type is responsible for vasodilation and bronchodilation?

    <p>Beta-2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is associated with alpha-adrenergic syndrome in the nervous system?

    <p>Hypotension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of drugs is associated with mixed alpha and beta-adrenergic syndrome resulting in dilated pupils and tachycardia?

    <p>Amphetamines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In sympatholytic syndrome, which of the following is NOT a characteristic symptom?

    <p>Increased heart rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term best describes a patient who responds slowly to external stimulation and needs repeated stimulation to maintain attention and response?

    <p>Obtunded</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of hallucinatory pattern is specific for phencyclidine (PCP) intoxication?

    <p>Complex hallucinations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug can cause a unique 'spinal seizure' characterized by generalized seizures in an alert patient?

    <p>Strychnine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What motor signs are characteristic of tremors, hyporeflexia, and hyperreflexia?

    <p>Tremors, hyporeflexia, and hyperreflexia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug-induced seizures require specific antidotal therapies instead of conventional antiseizure medication?

    <p>Strychnine-induced seizures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of hallucinatory pattern does a patient typically experience with lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)?

    <p>(Combination of illusions, hallucinations, and pseudohallucinations)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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