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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is the primary function of neutrophils?
Which of the following is the primary function of neutrophils?
- Initiating allergic reactions through histamine release.
- Transporting oxygen throughout the body.
- Acting as active phagocytes that engulf and destroy bacteria and some fungi. (correct)
- Producing antibodies to neutralize pathogens.
What is the typical lifespan of leukocytes?
What is the typical lifespan of leukocytes?
- 6 hours to a few days. (correct)
- Months to years.
- Approximately 120 days.
- Several weeks.
Which of the following contributes the greatest percentage to whole blood volume?
Which of the following contributes the greatest percentage to whole blood volume?
- Leukocytes
- Granulocytes.
- Plasma. (correct)
- Platelets.
Which term refers to the process by which leukocytes differentiate from a common progenitor cell?
Which term refers to the process by which leukocytes differentiate from a common progenitor cell?
What percentage of total leukocytes do neutrophils typically represent?
What percentage of total leukocytes do neutrophils typically represent?
Besides macrophages, what other type of cell falls under the classification of monocytes?
Besides macrophages, what other type of cell falls under the classification of monocytes?
What is the approximate percentage of leukocytes in whole blood?
What is the approximate percentage of leukocytes in whole blood?
Which of the following reactive oxygen species is produced by neutrophils to degrade pathogens?
Which of the following reactive oxygen species is produced by neutrophils to degrade pathogens?
What are the three main types of leukocytes
What are the three main types of leukocytes
In addition to defending against bacteria, against what other organism do leukocytes defend?
In addition to defending against bacteria, against what other organism do leukocytes defend?
Where do neutrophils store enzymes used to destroy engulfed bacteria?
Where do neutrophils store enzymes used to destroy engulfed bacteria?
What is the other common name for leukocytes?
What is the other common name for leukocytes?
Which of the following is a function of macrophages?
Which of the following is a function of macrophages?
What is the role of colony-forming units (CFU) such as CFU-E and CFU-GM in hematopoiesis?
What is the role of colony-forming units (CFU) such as CFU-E and CFU-GM in hematopoiesis?
Which of the following is a key characteristic of blood plasma?
Which of the following is a key characteristic of blood plasma?
What is the main role of lymphocytes in the immune system?
What is the main role of lymphocytes in the immune system?
How are platelets formed during hematopoiesis?
How are platelets formed during hematopoiesis?
Which blood component is responsible for blood clotting?
Which blood component is responsible for blood clotting?
What role do tissue cells play in hematopoiesis?
What role do tissue cells play in hematopoiesis?
What is the role of globulins in blood plasma?
What is the role of globulins in blood plasma?
Which of the following is a distinctive characteristic of eosinophils?
Which of the following is a distinctive characteristic of eosinophils?
If a patient's lab results show an elevated percentage of basophils, which condition might be suspected?
If a patient's lab results show an elevated percentage of basophils, which condition might be suspected?
In what manner do eosinophils combat parasitic worm infections?
In what manner do eosinophils combat parasitic worm infections?
Which of the following best describes the lifespan of basophils?
Which of the following best describes the lifespan of basophils?
What is the role of the histamine released by basophils?
What is the role of the histamine released by basophils?
From which type of progenitor cell do eosinophils differentiate?
From which type of progenitor cell do eosinophils differentiate?
What staining characteristic is most consistent with a basophil?
What staining characteristic is most consistent with a basophil?
A patient is diagnosed with a parasitic infection. Which type of leukocyte would be expected to be elevated in their blood?
A patient is diagnosed with a parasitic infection. Which type of leukocyte would be expected to be elevated in their blood?
Which of the following represents the typical percentage range of eosinophils in the total leukocyte count (LCC)?
Which of the following represents the typical percentage range of eosinophils in the total leukocyte count (LCC)?
If a basophil encounters an allergen, what is its primary response?
If a basophil encounters an allergen, what is its primary response?
Compared to eosinophils, basophils represent:
Compared to eosinophils, basophils represent:
What functional characteristic differentiates eosinophils from other leukocytes in their response to parasitic infections?
What functional characteristic differentiates eosinophils from other leukocytes in their response to parasitic infections?
How does the presence of histamine affect blood vessels during an inflammatory response?
How does the presence of histamine affect blood vessels during an inflammatory response?
Concerning their formation and lifespan, what contrasts eosinophils and basophils?
Concerning their formation and lifespan, what contrasts eosinophils and basophils?
How might a differential leukocyte count help distinguish between a bacterial infection and a parasitic infection?
How might a differential leukocyte count help distinguish between a bacterial infection and a parasitic infection?
Which statement correctly connects a cell type with its approximate proportion in the total leukocyte count?
Which statement correctly connects a cell type with its approximate proportion in the total leukocyte count?
How does the mechanism of eosinophils in combating parasitic worms differ from that of neutrophils in combating bacteria?
How does the mechanism of eosinophils in combating parasitic worms differ from that of neutrophils in combating bacteria?
How does the function of histamine released by basophils relate to the inflammatory process?
How does the function of histamine released by basophils relate to the inflammatory process?
If a bone marrow sample showed an increase in myeloid progenitor cells differentiating into eosinophils, what condition might be suspected?
If a bone marrow sample showed an increase in myeloid progenitor cells differentiating into eosinophils, what condition might be suspected?
In terms of clinical significance, what is the key distinction between eosinophils and basophils regarding their roles in immune responses?
In terms of clinical significance, what is the key distinction between eosinophils and basophils regarding their roles in immune responses?
Monocytes differentiate into which of the following cell types upon migrating from the bloodstream into tissues?
Monocytes differentiate into which of the following cell types upon migrating from the bloodstream into tissues?
Which process are monocytes and macrophages directly involved in, beyond their phagocytic activity?
Which process are monocytes and macrophages directly involved in, beyond their phagocytic activity?
What is the typical duration that monocytes remain in circulation before migrating into tissues?
What is the typical duration that monocytes remain in circulation before migrating into tissues?
Which of the following is a primary function of monocytes and macrophages?
Which of the following is a primary function of monocytes and macrophages?
Which of the following best describes the origin and development of mast cells?
Which of the following best describes the origin and development of mast cells?
Which of the following conditions might be suspected if a patient's blood test reveals a monocyte percentage outside the normal range?
Which of the following conditions might be suspected if a patient's blood test reveals a monocyte percentage outside the normal range?
What is the primary mechanism by which mast cells contribute to allergic reactions and inflammation?
What is the primary mechanism by which mast cells contribute to allergic reactions and inflammation?
What role do eosinophils play in the context of leukocyte recruitment?
What role do eosinophils play in the context of leukocyte recruitment?
Which statement correctly describes the maturation location of mast cells?
Which statement correctly describes the maturation location of mast cells?
Which role do monocytes play in the context of viral infections?
Which role do monocytes play in the context of viral infections?
What is the typical percentage range of monocytes and macrophages combined within the total leukocyte count (LCC)?
What is the typical percentage range of monocytes and macrophages combined within the total leukocyte count (LCC)?
Which of the following scenarios would most likely result in a decreased monocyte count?
Which of the following scenarios would most likely result in a decreased monocyte count?
For which type of immunological response would an elevated mast cell count most likely be observed?
For which type of immunological response would an elevated mast cell count most likely be observed?
How do monocytes contribute to the inflammatory response?
How do monocytes contribute to the inflammatory response?
A patient is undergoing treatment for cancer and experiences bone marrow suppression. Which of the following leukocyte counts would be expected to decrease as a direct result of this condition?
A patient is undergoing treatment for cancer and experiences bone marrow suppression. Which of the following leukocyte counts would be expected to decrease as a direct result of this condition?
Mast cells constitution within the leukocytes is:
Mast cells constitution within the leukocytes is:
In what circumstances would an increased number of eosinophils be expected to be present in the blood?
In what circumstances would an increased number of eosinophils be expected to be present in the blood?
How does the function of monocytes change as they differentiate into macrophages?
How does the function of monocytes change as they differentiate into macrophages?
Which of the following is a process that both monocytes/macrophages and mast cells participate in?
Which of the following is a process that both monocytes/macrophages and mast cells participate in?
Why might eosinophils recruit other leukocytes to defend against parasites?
Why might eosinophils recruit other leukocytes to defend against parasites?
Which of the following is a primary characteristic of lymphocytes?
Which of the following is a primary characteristic of lymphocytes?
What is the main function of B-lymphocytes?
What is the main function of B-lymphocytes?
Which of the following describes the process by which antibodies facilitate the engulfment of pathogens?
Which of the following describes the process by which antibodies facilitate the engulfment of pathogens?
How do T-lymphocytes contribute to the immune response?
How do T-lymphocytes contribute to the immune response?
A patient undergoing an organ transplant is at risk of rejection. Which type of lymphocyte is primarily responsible for this?
A patient undergoing an organ transplant is at risk of rejection. Which type of lymphocyte is primarily responsible for this?
What role do natural killer (NK) cells play in the immune system?
What role do natural killer (NK) cells play in the immune system?
What is the approximate size range of lymphocytes?
What is the approximate size range of lymphocytes?
Where do T-lymphocytes primarily mature?
Where do T-lymphocytes primarily mature?
What is the ultimate result of the agglutination process facilitated by antibodies?
What is the ultimate result of the agglutination process facilitated by antibodies?
How do NK cells contribute to immune defense during pregnancy?
How do NK cells contribute to immune defense during pregnancy?
Once stimulated, what type of cell do B-lymphocytes differentiate into?
Once stimulated, what type of cell do B-lymphocytes differentiate into?
Which action best describes how antibodies neutralize toxins?
Which action best describes how antibodies neutralize toxins?
What is the primary role of T-lymphocytes in protecting against tumors?
What is the primary role of T-lymphocytes in protecting against tumors?
What characteristic of NK cells allows them to respond to a wide variety of infected cells without prior sensitization?
What characteristic of NK cells allows them to respond to a wide variety of infected cells without prior sensitization?
Where do lymphocytes spend the majority of their time?
Where do lymphocytes spend the majority of their time?
Which of the following terms describes immunoglobulins, the molecules secreted by plasma cells?
Which of the following terms describes immunoglobulins, the molecules secreted by plasma cells?
Which best describe the relationship between antibodies (Abs) and antigens (Ags)?
Which best describe the relationship between antibodies (Abs) and antigens (Ags)?
What is the role of macrophages recruitment by natural killer cells?
What is the role of macrophages recruitment by natural killer cells?
Which of the following cells is not classified as a lymphocyte?
Which of the following cells is not classified as a lymphocyte?
What is the primary mechanism through which antibodies contribute to the destruction of bacteria?
What is the primary mechanism through which antibodies contribute to the destruction of bacteria?
Flashcards
Leukocytes
Leukocytes
Leukocytes, also known as WBCs, constitute less than 1% of whole blood volume.
Main types of leukocytes
Main types of leukocytes
Granulocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes, and macrophages.
Leukocyte lifespan
Leukocyte lifespan
A few hours to a few days.
Hematopoiesis
Hematopoiesis
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Most numerous leukocytes
Most numerous leukocytes
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Neutrophil defense
Neutrophil defense
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Neutrophil function
Neutrophil function
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Eosinophil function
Eosinophil function
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Basophil function
Basophil function
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Eosinophil abundance
Eosinophil abundance
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Basophil abundance
Basophil abundance
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Eosinophil lifespan
Eosinophil lifespan
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Basophil lifespan
Basophil lifespan
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Monocytes
Monocytes
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Macrophages
Macrophages
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Monocytes + Macrophages (3-8% LCC)
Monocytes + Macrophages (3-8% LCC)
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Monocyte Circulation Time
Monocyte Circulation Time
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Monocyte Differentiation
Monocyte Differentiation
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Angiogenesis
Angiogenesis
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Histamine
Histamine
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Mast Cells Frequency
Mast Cells Frequency
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Defense Against Parasites
Defense Against Parasites
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Inflammatory Response
Inflammatory Response
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Allergic Reactions
Allergic Reactions
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High Monocyte Count Possible Causes
High Monocyte Count Possible Causes
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Low Monocyte Count Possible Causes
Low Monocyte Count Possible Causes
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High Neutrophils Count Possible Causes
High Neutrophils Count Possible Causes
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Low Neutrophils Count Possible Causes
Low Neutrophils Count Possible Causes
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High Lymphocytes Count Possible Causes
High Lymphocytes Count Possible Causes
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Low Lymphocytes Count Possible Causes
Low Lymphocytes Count Possible Causes
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T-Lymphocytes
T-Lymphocytes
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T-Lymphocyte Function
T-Lymphocyte Function
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Natural Killer (NK) Cells
Natural Killer (NK) Cells
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B-Lymphocytes
B-Lymphocytes
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Antibodies (Abs)
Antibodies (Abs)
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Agglutination
Agglutination
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Opsonization
Opsonization
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Lymphocytes Types
Lymphocytes Types
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Lymphocyte Characteristics
Lymphocyte Characteristics
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Plasma Cell
Plasma Cell
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Study Notes
- Lymphocytes constitute 20-25% of leukocytes (LCC)
- Lymphocytes have a large, dark nucleus and a small amount of blue cytoplasm
- Lymphocytes circulate mostly in lymphoid tissues and lymph, remaining in the blood for only a few hours
- There are 3 types of Lymphocytes: B-lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes, and natural killer T-cells
T-Lymphocytes
- Mature in the thymus
- Recognize specific foreign proteins
- Attack cells that have been infected by viruses or tumor cells
- Responsible for the rejection of transplanted organs
- Stimulate B-cells to produce antibodies (Abs)
Natural Killer Cells
- Attack a wide variety of infected body cells
- Detect and control early signs of cancer
- Specialized NK cells found in the placenta protect against infection during pregnancy
- Recruit macrophages and other immune cells to enhance immune response
B-Lymphocytes
- Main role is to destroy bacteria and inactivate their toxins
- Differentiate into plasma cells that secrete antibodies (Abs) when stimulated by an antigen (AG)
- Antibodies (Abs) are immunoglobulins that can act against antigens (AGs) through agglutination or opsonization
Cauchy's Integral Formula - Theorem
- If $f$ is analytic on a simply connected domain $D$, and $\gamma$ is a simple closed curve in $D$ oriented counterclockwise, then for any $z_0 \in D$ not on $\gamma$: $$ f(z_0) = \frac{1}{2\pi i} \int_\gamma \frac{f(z)}{z-z_0}dz $$
Proof of Cauchy's Integral Formula
- $f(z)/(z-z_0)$ is analytic on $D - {z_0}$ since $z_0$ is not on $\gamma$
- Let $C_\epsilon$ be a circle of radius $\epsilon$ centered at $z_0$ contained in $D$ oriented counterclockwise
- $\frac{f(z)}{z-z_0}$ is analytic on the region between $\gamma$ and $C_\epsilon$
- By the deformation invariance theorem: $$ \int_\gamma \frac{f(z)}{z - z_0} dz = \int_{C_\epsilon} \frac{f(z)}{z - z_0} dz $$
- Parametrize $C_\epsilon$ by $z(t) = z_0 + \epsilon e^{it}$ for $0 \le t \le 2\pi$, $z'(t) = i\epsilon e^{it}$ $$ \int_{C_\epsilon} \frac{f(z)}{z - z_0} dz = \int_0^{2\pi} \frac{f(z_0 + \epsilon e^{it})}{\epsilon e^{it}} i\epsilon e^{it} dt = i \int_0^{2\pi} f(z_0 + \epsilon e^{it}) dt $$
- Then, $$ i \int_0^{2\pi} f(z_0 + \epsilon e^{it}) dt - 2\pi i f(z_0) = i \int_0^{2\pi} f(z_0 + \epsilon e^{it}) - f(z_0) dt $$ $$ \left| i \int_0^{2\pi} f(z_0 + \epsilon e^{it}) - f(z_0) dt \right| \le \int_0^{2\pi} |f(z_0 + \epsilon e^{it}) - f(z_0)| dt $$
- Since $f$ is continuous at $z_0$, for any $\varepsilon > 0$, there exists $\delta > 0$ such that if $|z - z_0| < \delta$, then $|f(z) - f(z_0)| < \varepsilon$
- Choose $\epsilon < \delta$. Then $|f(z_0 + \epsilon e^{it}) - f(z_0)| < \varepsilon$
- Then, $$ \int_0^{2\pi} |f(z_0 + \epsilon e^{it}) - f(z_0)| dt \le \int_0^{2\pi} \varepsilon \ dt = 2\pi \varepsilon $$
- Because we can make this integral arbitrarily small, it must be zero $$ i \int_0^{2\pi} f(z_0 + \epsilon e^{it}) dt - 2\pi i f(z_0) = 0 $$ $$ \int_{C_\epsilon} \frac{f(z)}{z - z_0} dz = 2\pi i f(z_0) $$ $$ \int_\gamma \frac{f(z)}{z - z_0} dz = 2\pi i f(z_0) $$
- Thus, $$ f(z_0) = \frac{1}{2\pi i} \int_\gamma \frac{f(z)}{z-z_0}dz $$
Cauchy's Integral Formula for Derivatives - Theorem
- If $f$ is analytic on a simply connected domain $D$, let $\gamma$ be a simple closed curve in $D$ oriented counterclockwise, then for any $z_0 \in D$ not on $\gamma$ and any $n \ge 0$: $$ f^{(n)}(z_0) = \frac{n!}{2\pi i} \int_\gamma \frac{f(z)}{(z-z_0)^{n+1}} dz $$
Proof of Cauchy's Integral Formula for Derivatives
- Proof by induction. The formula holds for $n = k$ $$ f^{(k)}(z_0) = \frac{k!}{2\pi i} \int_\gamma \frac{f(z)}{(z-z_0)^{k+1}} dz $$
- Show that $$ f^{(k+1)}(z_0) = \frac{(k+1)!}{2\pi i} \int_\gamma \frac{f(z)}{(z-z_0)^{k+2}} dz $$
- By definition $$ f^{(k+1)}(z_0) = \lim_{h \to 0} \frac{f^{(k)}(z_0 + h) - f^{(k)}(z_0)}{h} $$
- Using the inductive hypothesis $$ f^{(k+1)}(z_0) = \lim_{h \to 0} \frac{\frac{k!}{2\pi i} \int_\gamma \frac{f(z)}{(z - (z_0 + h))^{k+1}} dz - \frac{k!}{2\pi i} \int_\gamma \frac{f(z)}{(z-z_0)^{k+1}} dz}{h} $$ $$ = \frac{k!}{2\pi i} \lim_{h \to 0} \int_\gamma \frac{1}{h} \left[ \frac{f(z)}{(z - (z_0 + h))^{k+1}} - \frac{f(z)}{(z-z_0)^{k+1}} \right] dz $$
- Consider $$ \frac{1}{h} \left[ \frac{1}{(z - (z_0 + h))^{k+1}} - \frac{1}{(z-z_0)^{k+1}} \right] = \frac{1}{h} \left[ \frac{(z-z_0)^{k+1} - (z - (z_0 + h))^{k+1}}{(z - (z_0 + h))^{k+1} (z-z_0)^{k+1}}\right] $$
- Using the binomial theorem $$ (z-(z_0 + h))^{k+1} = (z-z_0 - h)^{k+1} = \sum_{j=0}^{k+1} \binom{k+1}{j} (z-z_0)^{k+1-j} (-h)^j $$ $$ = (z-z_0)^{k+1} + (k+1)(z-z_0)^k (-h) + \binom{k+1}{2} (z-z_0)^{k-1} (-h)^2 + \dots + (-h)^{k+1} $$ $$ (z-z_0)^{k+1} - (z - (z_0 + h))^{k+1} = (k+1)(z-z_0)^k h - \binom{k+1}{2} (z-z_0)^{k-1} h^2 + \dots - (-h)^{k+1} $$ $$ \frac{(z-z_0)^{k+1} - (z - (z_0 + h))^{k+1}}{h} = (k+1)(z-z_0)^k - \binom{k+1}{2} (z-z_0)^{k-1} h + \dots - (-h)^{k} $$
- Taking the limit as $h \to 0$ $$ \lim_{h \to 0} \frac{(z-z_0)^{k+1} - (z - (z_0 + h))^{k+1}}{h} = (k+1)(z-z_0)^k $$
- So, $$ \lim_{h \to 0} \frac{1}{h} \left[ \frac{1}{(z - (z_0 + h))^{k+1}} - \frac{1}{(z-z_0)^{k+1}} \right] = \frac{(k+1)(z-z_0)^k}{(z-z_0)^{k+2}(z-z_0)^{k+1}} = \frac{(k+1)}{(z-z_0)^{k+2}} $$
- Therefore, $$ f^{(k+1)}(z_0) = \frac{k!}{2\pi i} \int_\gamma f(z) \frac{(k+1)}{(z-z_0)^{k+2}} dz = \frac{(k+1)!}{2\pi i} \int_\gamma \frac{f(z)}{(z-z_0)^{k+2}} dz $$
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