Leukocytes: Granulocytes and Neutrophils

Which term refers to white blood cells?

What is the primary role of leukocytes?

Which category includes polymorphonuclear cells?

Which feature is characteristic of mature granulocytes?

What staining characteristic is associated with eosinophils when using Romanowsky-type stains?

Neutrophils in which species do NOT typically have neutral or non-staining granules?

What is the small nuclear projection seen in neutrophils of female mammals called?

What is the primary function of neutrophils?

Which process is NOT a basic step in neutrophil extravasation?

What is the result of a defect in integrin adhesion protein (CD18)?

What stimulates neutrophil production?

Which pool of neutrophils is measured in a standard blood WBC count?

What does a 'left shift' indicate?

In dogs, what is the band neutrophil count that is considered a significant left shift?

What defines a degenerative left shift?

What are Döhle bodies?

What can severe toxic change in neutrophils make them difficult to differentiate from?

Which of the following is a characteristic of toxic heterophils in birds and reptiles?

Degenerate neutrophils are typically observed where?

What is the primary morphological characteristic of degenerate neutrophils?

What condition might cause degenerate changes in blood leukocytes?

What is the defining characteristic of hypersegmented neutrophils?

What condition results in chromatin condensed into a single, dense 'ball'?

What are hemosiderin aggregates within neutrophils or monocytes called?

Canine distemper viral inclusions in neutrophils resemble what?

What type of infectious agent is Anaplasma phagocytophilum?

How is Hepatozoon americanum transmitted?

What is the term for circulating bacteria?

What is a key feature of Pelger-Huet anomaly?

Which canine breed is Cyclic Hematopoiesis most commonly observed in?

What is the role of eosinophils?

What is the typical appearance of feline eosinophils?

What is the most typical characteristic of basophils?

Which cytokine is a major regulator of basophil production?

What is a defining feature of feline basophils?

Mast cells in blood smears are typically associated with what condition, especially in cats?

What is used to differentiate Siderotic Inclusions from other inclusions?

A veterinarian observes a blood smear from a reptile and notices cells with fine, magenta-staining granules. What type of cells are these most likely to be?

Monocytes share several characteristics with neutrophils, yet they have some key differences. Which of the following is MOST accurate regarding the similarities and differences between monocytes and neutrophils?

All of the following statements accurately describe siderotic inclusions and Döhle bodies EXCEPT:

What is a primary characteristic of leukocytes?

Which of the following is a general category of leukocytes?

What is the typical nuclear characteristic of mature granulocytes?

Which statement accurately describes the staining characteristics of granulocytes using Romanowsky-type stains?

What is the usual number of lobes found in the nuclei of mature neutrophils?

Apart from segmenters, how else are mature neutrophils often referred to?

What is the staining characteristic of granules in most species of neutrophils?

Which of the following best describes the granules present in rabbit neutrophils?

Which of the following accurately describes the primary granules of neutrophils?

During the extravasation process, what mediates the initial adherence of neutrophils to the vessel wall?

What is the role of Colony-stimulating factors (stem cell factor, G-CSF, GM-CSF) in neutrophil production?

Which pool of neutrophils does a standard blood WBC count reflect?

In which animal is a degenerative left shift after acute inflammation NOT necessarily indicative of a poor prognosis?

What cellular component aggregation leads to the formation of Döhle bodies in neutrophils?

What morphological characteristic is associated with degenerate neutrophils?

Which condition can lead to hypersegmentation of neutrophils?

What cellular process describes chromatin condensed into a single, dense 'ball' in cells undergoing apoptosis?

What stain is used to differentiate siderotic inclusions from other inclusions?

Viral inclusions observed with canine distemper resemble what?

In an animal with Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection, what cytopenias may be observed upon examination?

What is the primary route of transmission for Hepatozoon americanum?

Which canine breed has a relatively high incidence of Pelger-Huet anomaly?

How do canine eosinophil granules differ from feline eosinophil granules?

Which avian and reptile blood cell is characterized by fine, magenta-staining granules?

Which blood cell shares similar granules to mast cells but has a segmented nucleus?

Which cytokine is important in basophil production and regulation?

In which species is it common to find more basophils in circulation compared to other mammals?

What microscopic feature is often observed in the nuclei of feline basophils due to overlying granules?

When mast cells are found in blood smears, what condition is it most indicative of in cats?

What is the typical transit time of eosinophils in canine blood?

In the context of neutrophil kinetics, what is the primary characteristic of cells within the proliferative pool?

Physiologic conditions such as increased epinephrine or corticosteroid levels can shift neutrophils from which pool to the circulating pool?

After neutrophils leave the bloodstream, where are they eventually removed?

According to the material, what condition is NOT necessary for toxic change in neutrophils to occur?

In general, how do monocyte responses in blood compare to neutrophil responses?

Mature granulocytes are named based on characteristic staining affinity using Romanowsky-type stains. If a granulocyte stains blue/purple, which type of cells does this describe?

If a dog has >1,000 bands/µl or more than 10% of neutrophil count, what does it indicate?

Which of the following correctly describes bacteremia, and why it is considered rare to find in blood smears?

Pelger-Huet anomaly is generally a very rare disease, but fairly common in which canine breed?

How do eosinophils contribute to hypersensitivity reactions?

In the context of neutrophil migration during inflammation, which process is directly mediated by integrins and selectins?

Which statement best describes the difference between 'true' and 'pseudo' Pelger-Huet anomaly with respect to cellular morphology?

A blood smear from a reptile shows cells that appear similar to mammalian monocytes but contain numerous fine, magenta-staining granules. Which type of cell is most likely observed?

A veterinarian is assessing a blood smear and identifies a neutrophil with a nucleus that appears swollen and stains very faintly. This leukocyte is interpreted as which of the following?

A researcher is studying neutrophils in vitro and observes that cellular adhesion to endothelial cells is significantly reduced despite normal expression of selectins. Which of the following genetic defects is MOST likely responsible for this observation?

A veterinary hematologist observes a canine blood smear and notes the presence of a few mast cells. Which of the following conditions is least likely to cause these observations?

What is the general term for white blood cells that play a primary role in defending the body against disease and pathogens?

What nuclear characteristic is typically found in mature granulocytes?

Which of the following BEST describes the staining characteristic of eosinophils when using Romanowsky-type stains?

Neutrophils are also known as what?

What component mediates the initial adherence of neutrophils to the vessel wall during extravasation?

Which of the following are responsible for stimulating neutrophil production?

Which pools of neutrophils does the blood WBC count reflect?

In which animal would a degenerative left shift AFTER acute inflammation NOT necessarily indicate a poor prognosis?

What is a key characteristic of degenerate neutrophils?

Under which condition might hypersegmentation of neutrophils be observed?

What process results in chromatin condensed into a single, dense 'ball' in cells?

What stain is used to differentiate siderotic inclusions from other inclusions in neutrophils or monocytes?

What type of inclusions do canine distemper viral inclusions in neutrophils most closely resemble?

Which cytopenias may be observed upon examination of an animal with Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection?

What is a key transmission route for Hepatozoon americanum?

If a homozygous condition of Pelger-Huet anomaly occurs, what is the expected outcome?

How do avian and reptile eosinophils differ from heterophils, particularly concerning their granules?

In reptiles, a granulated blood cell type is found that has variable numbers of magenta-staining granules. It shares similar characteristics with the monocyte, what is this cell type?

Imagine a scenario where a researcher is investigating a novel mutation affecting neutrophil function. They discover that neutrophils from affected individuals exhibit normal selectin expression and initial rolling along the endothelium but fail to firmly adhere and migrate into inflamed tissues. Further analysis reveals a complete absence of CD18 expression. Based on this information, which step is MOST directly impaired by the defect?

After the promyelocyte stage, what is the next stage in granulocyte development characterized by an oval-shaped nucleus?

During granulopoiesis, which cell type is characterized by the presence of primary granules (lysosomes) that appear magenta or reddish in color?

Which cell type is characterized by the disappearance of primary granules and the appearance of secondary granules that define the specific cell type?

What is the correct order of neutrophil maturation, starting with the least mature cell?

What name is given to segmented neutrophils with multiple indentations?

What is the most immature stage of granulocyte development?

Which characteristic helps differentiate a myeloblast from a rubriblast during a bone marrow count?

A veterinary technician observes a bone marrow smear and identifies a cell with an indented, kidney bean-shaped nucleus. Which stage of granulocyte maturation is the technician most likely observing?

What is the significance of observing myeloblasts and promyelocytes in large numbers in a peripheral blood sample?

Which observation in a blood smear is most indicative of a regenerative response to anemia?

What term describes the release of immature cells into the blood, commonly associated with inflammation?

In a blood smear, if immature cells are observed predominantly, indicating a shift towards earlier stages of cell development, how is this condition referred?

What term best describes the process by which neutrophils adhere loosely to the endothelium, often described as 'bouncing' or 'rolling'.

What is the role of adhesion molecules, like selectins and integrins, in neutrophil migration during inflammation?

What is the expected outcome in an animal with defective integrin adhesion proteins?

Which recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor is sometimes used to stimulate neutrophil production?

Which neutrophil pool contains cells that are capable of actively dividing?

In the context of neutrophil kinetics, what is the primary characteristic of cells within the maturation pool?

What physiological change best describes the shift in neutrophils seen in a stress leukogram?

In general, what occurs after neutrophils leave the bloodstream?

In diagnostic testing, what is indicated by a significant neutrophilic left shift?

Which statement best describes a degenerative left shift?

Which condition is NOT a typical cause of toxic change in neutrophils?

Which of the following cellular changes comes from retained ribosomes and RNA?

Following severe inflammation induced by the administration of experimental endotoxins, a veterinary technician observes what appears to be distinct neutrophil cytoplasmic aggregate within cells. What is the MOST appropriate name for this lesion?

Which cellular characteristic is LEAST likely to be mistaken for toxic change in neutrophils?

Unlike morphologic features observed with regular analysis, what alteration can occur, along with cytoplasmic changes, with severe toxic change?

What cytological feature is the hallmark of degenerate neutrophils?

In analyzing a sample where neutrophils appear necrotic rather than going through defective maturation, what would a student be MOST likely to see?

What clinical condition is LEAST associated with presence of vacuolated degenerate neutrophils?

An automated hematology analyzer reports a high neutrophil count with the presence of hypersegmented neutrophils. What condition is a MOST accurate differential?

How is a pyknotic cell classically defined?

What change describes chromatin condensed into a dense ball in cells undergoing apoptosis?

What inclusions are aggregates of protein and iron resulting from hemoglobin degradation?

To accurately identify hemosiderin inclusions within neutrophils, what specific type of staining should be done given their resemblance to Dhohle bodies?

Which type of cell primarily hosts the inclusions associated with Anaplasma phagocytophilum?

During blood smear evaluation, a veterinary technician identifies small, basophilic (blue) inclusions in the cytoplasm of neutrophils. The veterinarian suspects Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection. What are these inclusions called?

What is the MOST significant diagnostic method for identifying bacteria in a patient suspected of bacteremia or septicemia?

What can be stated regarding when bacteria are seen in blood smears?

How is Hepatozoon americanum, a protozoal disease, primarily transmitted to canines?

If you have a homozygous condition of Pelger-Huet anomaly, what is the expected outcome?

During granulopoiesis, what is the defining characteristic of the myelocyte stage?

What change is associated with the transition from metamyelocyte to band cell?

What is a key morphological feature that distinguishes a myeloblast from a rubriblast during bone marrow evaluation?

Which stage is characterized by the presence of primary granules (lysosomes) that appear magenta or reddish in color?

If a veterinarian observes a large number of myeloblasts and promyelocytes in a peripheral blood sample, what condition is MOST likely?

What is the typical progression observed when immature cells are released into the blood due to inflammation?

What is the correct order of neutrophil maturation?

What is the term for segmented neutrophils with multiple indentations?

Which describes the normal staining pattern of primary granules in a mature neutrophil?

What is implied when a veterinary professional describes a blood smear as exhibiting a "left shift"?

Under what circumstances is a significant neutrophilic left shift a typical finding among ruminants?

What is the underlying implication of observing a degenerative left shift in a canine patient?

If a complete blood count (CBC) reveals 300 neutrophils per microliter, with 200 bands and 100 segmented neutrophils (segs), how would this be classified?

Following experimental administration of endotoxin, a veterinary technician observes what appears to be distinct neutrophil cytoplasmic aggregate within cells. What is the MOST appropriate name for this lesion?

What alteration can occur, along with cytoplasmic changes, with severe toxic change?

Which statement accurately differentiates canine distemper inclusions from Döhle bodies within neutrophils?

What is most significant to ensure is true before determining that there is bacteremia on a blood smear?

How does the presence of intracellular bacteria in a blood smear MOST influence diagnostic and treatment strategies?

What factors are MOST important to assess to differentiate toxic change in avian heterophils from a bacterial septicemia?

In Pelger-Huet anomaly, what is MOST significant about the functionality of neutrophils?

What is the MOST important discriminatory factor in differentiating true Pelger-Huet anomaly from a pseudo-Pelger-Huet anomaly?

When evaluating a blood smear from an Australian Shepherd with a suspected infection, which finding would MOST strongly suggest an inflammatory response rather than just the breed-related Pelger-Huet anomaly?

What is MOST important to remember if a homozygous condition of Pelger-Huet anomaly exists?

Which characteristics BEST define cyclic hematopoiesis in Gray Collie dogs?

Which function is MOST attributed to eosinophils?

Where does eosinophil production and differentiation primarily take place?

If a veterinary technician observes what appears to be non-staining granules in canine eosinophils, which canine breed would MOST be expected to exhibit this?

How can the morphology of feline granules prove beneficial in sample evaluation?

What is the MOST typical characteristic of basophils and mast cells in the blood?

What is the major cytokine that is going to increase basophil production?

Select which animal has more basophils readily in circulation compared to other mammals.

What is common to be visualized in images of feline basophils?

A veterinarian observes a blood smear with basophils in the peripheral sample. What is MOST accurate to remember?

What is implied when canine MAST cells are observed on blood smear analysis?

During granulocyte production, what feature characterizes maturation?

What is the defining characteristic of a promyelocyte during granulopoiesis?

Which of the following describes a myelocyte?

What feature defines a metamyelocyte stage of granulocyte development?

What nuclear shape characterizes a band cell?

During granulopoiesis, at what stage do the secondary granules, which define the specific cell type, appear?

When examining a bone marrow smear, what characteristic helps differentiate a myeloblast from a rubriblast?

What color is the cytoplasm of a myeloblast?

What cell type are primary granules (lysosomes) observed in during granulopoiesis?

Which of the following is the correct order of neutrophil maturation?

What term is used to describe the presence of immature cells in the blood, indicative of a shift towards earlier stages of cell development?

While evaluating a cow with acute metritis (uterine infection), a veterinarian notes neutropenia a degenerative shift. Which is MOST important to remember in cattle?

What does the term 'stab cell' refer to?

A blood smear evaluation reveals the presence of toxic change. What is the underlying implication?

What cellular change is a hallmark of toxic neutrophils?

What is the origin of Dohle bodies observed in neutrophils?

What cellular change underlies increased cytoplasmic basophilia observed in toxic neutrophils?

Which cellular change is MOST indicative of severe toxic change?

Which of the following is true regarding degenerate neutrophils?

What cellular feature is LEAST associated with an aging neutrophil?