Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which characteristic distinguishes granulocytes and monocytes from lymphocytes?
Which characteristic distinguishes granulocytes and monocytes from lymphocytes?
- Primary mechanism of defense involves phagocytosis or antimicrobial release (correct)
- Originating exclusively in the bone marrow
- Ability to circulate through the lymphatic system
- Lifespan measured in weeks to months
A patient has a localized bacterial infection. What is the correct sequence of events involving leukocytes in response to this infection?
A patient has a localized bacterial infection. What is the correct sequence of events involving leukocytes in response to this infection?
- Eosinophil chemotaxis, neutrophil invasion, monocyte differentiation
- Monocyte invasion, neutrophil proliferation, macrophage activation
- Neutrophil invasion, monocyte migration and maturation, macrophage phagocytosis (correct)
- Macrophage activation, lymphocyte proliferation, basophil chemotaxis
A researcher is studying the rate of movement of leukocytes during an inflammatory response. Which of the following best describes the speed and mechanism by which they move?
A researcher is studying the rate of movement of leukocytes during an inflammatory response. Which of the following best describes the speed and mechanism by which they move?
- Ciliary movement at approximately 5 micrometers per minute
- Passive diffusion dependent on concentration gradients
- Saltatory conduction at approximately 100 micrometers per second
- Amoeboid motion at approximately 40 micrometers per minute (correct)
What is the significance of opsonization in phagocytosis?
What is the significance of opsonization in phagocytosis?
Why are Kupffer cells vital for systemic immunity?
Why are Kupffer cells vital for systemic immunity?
In the context of inflammation, how does fibrinogen contribute to the process of walling off an area of injury?
In the context of inflammation, how does fibrinogen contribute to the process of walling off an area of injury?
What is the primary role of chemotaxis in the inflammatory response?
What is the primary role of chemotaxis in the inflammatory response?
Why are monocytes considered less effective than macrophages in fighting infectious agents?
Why are monocytes considered less effective than macrophages in fighting infectious agents?
What role do eosinophils play in protecting the body?
What role do eosinophils play in protecting the body?
Which of the following mechanisms is NOT a crucial step in phagocytosis?
Which of the following mechanisms is NOT a crucial step in phagocytosis?
What is the typical lifespan of granulocytes circulating in the blood?
What is the typical lifespan of granulocytes circulating in the blood?
How does the body typically respond to tissue damage as part of the inflammatory response?
How does the body typically respond to tissue damage as part of the inflammatory response?
What is the initial step taken by the body to mitigate the spread of bacteria or toxins from an injury site?
What is the initial step taken by the body to mitigate the spread of bacteria or toxins from an injury site?
A patient has a parasitic infection. Which type of white blood cell would likely be elevated?
A patient has a parasitic infection. Which type of white blood cell would likely be elevated?
Which cells are most likely to be found in abundance within the alveolar walls of the lungs, providing a front-line defense against inhaled pathogens?
Which cells are most likely to be found in abundance within the alveolar walls of the lungs, providing a front-line defense against inhaled pathogens?
What is the role of basophils in the context of an allergic reaction or inflammatory response?
What is the role of basophils in the context of an allergic reaction or inflammatory response?
Why does leukemia lead to increased susceptibility to infections and ulcerations?
Why does leukemia lead to increased susceptibility to infections and ulcerations?
How do bacteria commonly invade the body when white blood cell counts are low?
How do bacteria commonly invade the body when white blood cell counts are low?
Which characteristic differentiates acute from chronic leukemia?
Which characteristic differentiates acute from chronic leukemia?
In myelogenous leukemia, where does the uncontrolled production of white blood cells primarily occur?
In myelogenous leukemia, where does the uncontrolled production of white blood cells primarily occur?
Flashcards
Leukocytes
Leukocytes
White blood cells; protect against invading organisms through phagocytosis or releasing antimicrobial/inflammatory substances.
White Blood Cell Lifespan
White Blood Cell Lifespan
Granulocytes live for 48 hours circulating the blood and another 4 to 5 days in the tissues. Monocytes live for 10 to 20 hours in the blood. Lymphocytes continually circulate through the blood and left system with a lifespan of weeks to months.
Chemotaxis
Chemotaxis
Movement of neutrophils and macrophages towards a chemical stimulus, guiding them to sites of inflammation.
Phagocytosis
Phagocytosis
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Reticuloendothelial System (RES)
Reticuloendothelial System (RES)
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Inflammation Effects
Inflammation Effects
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Inflammatory Mediators
Inflammatory Mediators
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Neutrophilia
Neutrophilia
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Basophil Secretions
Basophil Secretions
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Leukemia
Leukemia
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Lymphocytic Leukemia
Lymphocytic Leukemia
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Myelogenous Leukemia
Myelogenous Leukemia
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Study Notes
- Leukocytes, or white blood cells, number around 7,000 per microliter of blood.
- There are six types of leukocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, and occasionally plasma cells.
- Granulocytes include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.
- Granulocytes and monocytes protect against invading organisms through phagocytosis or by releasing antimicrobial and inflammatory substances.
- White blood cells are stored in bone marrow.
- The amount of white blood cells stored is only about three times the amount circulating, representing about a six-day supply.
White Blood Cell Lifespan
- Granulocytes circulate for 48 hours and then live in tissues for another 4-5 days.
- Monocytes circulate for 10-20 hours, then enlarge into tissue macrophages and remain in tissues for months.
- Lymphocytes continually circulate through blood and lymph, with a lifespan of weeks to months.
- Neutrophils and macrophages are the primary cells that attack and destroy harmful agents.
- They move through tissues via diapedesis and amoeboid motion at a rate of about 40 micrometers per minute.
- Tissue inflammation releases products that cause chemotaxis, the movement of neutrophils and macrophages towards the chemical source.
- Chemotaxis agents include: bacterial or tissue destruction products, several reaction products of the complement system, reaction products caused by plasma clotting in the inflamed area, and several cytokines released by inflamed tissues.
Phagocytosis
- Phagocytosis depends on:
- Smooth natural structures resist phagocytosis, rough surfaces increase likelihood
- Protective protein coats resist phagocytosis
- Antibodies adhere to bacteria, increasing likelihood of phagocytosis
- During phagocytosis, particles enter the cell in a vesicle, which fuses with lysosomes containing proteolytic enzymes to digest the particle.
- Neutrophils and macrophages contain bactericidal agents to kill bacteria, even if lysosomal digestion fails.
- The reticuloendothelial system consists of monocytes, mobile macrophages, fixed tissue macrophages, and specialized endothelial cells in bone marrow, spleen, and lymph nodes.
- Local tissue macrophages attack and destroy bacteria that enter the skin.
- Bacteria that bypass tissue macrophages enter the lymph flow and are filtered by macrophages in lymph node sinuses.
- Tissue macrophages are present in the walls of the lungs to destroy invading organisms.
- Kupfer cells, tissue macrophages lining liver sinusoids, filter bacteria from the GI tract in the portal blood, preventing their entry into systemic circulation.
- Macrophages in the spleen and bone marrow trap foreign particles.
Inflammation
- Tissue damage results in:
- Vasodilation of local blood vessels
- Increased capillary permeability
- Clotting of fluid in interstitial space due to increased fibrinogen
- Aggregation of granulocytes and monocytes into the tissue
- Swelling of tissue cells
- Tissue products that cause or increase inflammation include histamine, bradykinin, serotonin, prostaglandins, and complement system reaction products.
- Inflammation is the mechanism to wall off the area of injury.
- Tissue macrophages begin action within minutes of injury, attracted by inflammatory cytokines.
- Neutrophils invade from the blood within the first hour of inflammation.
- Inflammation causes an acute increase in blood neutrophils, sometimes 4-5 times normal levels.
- Monocytes from the blood enter inflamed tissues and enlarge to become macrophages.
- Monocytes are slower to respond and require at least eight hours to become macrophages.
Other White Blood Cells
- Eosinophils are weak phagocytes with chemotaxis, important in protection against parasites.
- Basophils release heparin, histamine, and serotonin, similar to mast cells.
- Leukopenia is the term for when bone marrow produces very few white blood cells.
- Decreases in white blood cells can allow immediate bacterial invasion.
- Bacteria commonly live in the mouth, respiratory tract, GI tract, and on the surface of the eyes, urethra, and vagina.
- Ulcers appear in the mouth and colon within a few days of leukopenia, or other respiratory infections can develop.
Leukemia
- Leukemia is uncontrolled production of white blood cells.
- Lymphocytic leukemia is caused by cancerous production of lymphoid cells, starting in lymph nodes/tissue and spreading.
- Myelogenous leukemia is caused by cancerous production of young myelogenous cells in bone marrow.
- White blood cells are produced in many extramedullary tissues.
- Acute leukemia is associated with more undifferentiated cells and can lead to death in a few months if untreated.
- Chronic leukemia is associated with more differentiated cells and can develop over 10-20 years.
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