McCance 30 - Leukocyte Disorders and Mononucleosis

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Which of the following best describes a qualitative leukocyte disorder?

  • A decrease in the number of leukocytes caused by reduced bone marrow production.
  • An elevated leukocyte count as a protective response to exercise.
  • Impaired function of phagocytic cells, hindering their ability to engulf pathogens. (correct)
  • An increase in the overall number of leukocytes due to infection.

What physiological response is leukocytosis?

  • A normal protective response to stressors like infection or emotional changes. (correct)
  • A disorder characterized by decreased leukocyte production in the bone marrow.
  • A response associated with a disruption in leukocyte function.
  • A condition resulting from malignant proliferation of leukocytes.

A 'shift to the left' indicates what condition?

  • A response to an allergic reaction.
  • A viral infection causing an increase in lymphocytes.
  • An overproduction of mature neutrophils in response to a bacterial infection.
  • A release of immature neutrophils from the bone marrow due to high demand. (correct)

What is the primary mode of transmission for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), the cause of infectious mononucleosis?

<p>Typically through saliva via close personal contact. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic distinguishes acute leukemia from chronic leukemia?

<p>Acute leukemia is characterized by undifferentiated or immature cells with rapid onset. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which environmental factor is least associated with an increased risk of developing leukemia?

<p>Exposure to high levels of UV radiation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the clinical significance of lymphadenopathy?

<p>It signifies an increase in the size and/or number of germinal centers in lymph nodes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Localized lymphadenopathy is most indicative of what condition?

<p>Drainage from an area with inflammation, infection, or another local process. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hodgkin lymphoma originates from what type of cell?

<p>B cell in the germinal center. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common clinical manifestation of Hodgkin lymphoma?

<p>Enlarged, painless cervical (neck) lymph nodes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is most closely associated with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma?

<p>It involves a progressive clonal expansion of B-cells, T cells, or NK cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Burkitt lymphoma is highly associated with which virus?

<p>Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of multiple myeloma?

<p>Presence of multiple tumors throughout the skeletal system. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes splenomegaly?

<p>Enlargement of the spleen. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hematologic alteration can result from an overactive spleen?

<p>A reduction in the number of circulating blood cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where do lymphomas primarily develop?

<p>In the lymphoid system from the proliferation of malignant lymphocytes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Leukopenia is frequently linked to what condition, particularly neutropenia?

<p>Infection. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of treatment for infectious mononucleosis?

<p>Rest and symptom relief, as it is generally self-limiting. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Leukemia is characterized as what type of disorder?

<p>A clonal disorder of leukocytes in the bone marrow. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a clinical manifestation commonly associated with leukemia?

<p>Bleeding (thrombocytopenia). (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which genetic abnormalities are key factors in genes encoding transcription factors needed for normal myeloid differentiation?

<p>AML. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes lymphomas?

<p>Tumors of primary or secondary lymphoid tissue. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of Reed-Sternberg (RS) cells in diagnosing malignant lymphomas?

<p>They are associated with Hodgkin lymphoma. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Swelling of lymph nodes associated with NHL (Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma) is generally...

<p>Painless. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Waldenström macroglobulinemia is best described as what?

<p>A rare, slow-growing type of lymphoma. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition can result from hypersplenism, where the spleen is overactive?

<p>Blood cell sequestration, destruction of red blood cells, and anemia. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Granulocytopenia is a severe condition because it...

<p>Increases the risk of sepsis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What alteration of splenic function causes destruction of red blood cells?

<p>Hypersplenism. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an early manifestation of infectious mononucleosis?

<p>Sore throat and fever. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What malignancy involves tumors throughout the skeletal system?

<p>Multiple Myeloma. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a neoplasm of B cells that secretes monoclonal proteins?

<p>Multiple Myeloma (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is correct regarding lymphomas?

<p>Hodgkin Lymphoma is derived from a malignant B cell (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key factor influencing the incidence of lymphomas?

<p>Factors associated with industrialization and economic improvement. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common genetic abnormality in adult ALL?

<p>The content does not mention this abnormality. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes the fever and sore throat from infectious mononucleosis?

<p>Inflammation at the primary site of viral entry. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What population is Burkitt Lymphoma common in?

<p>Children from East-Central Africa and New Guinea. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What disorder arises from immature T cells that become malignant in the thymus?

<p>Lymphoblastic Lymphoma. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Multiple Myeloma cells usually secrete monoclonal proteins, but may also...

<p>Secrete free light chains found in urine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Individuals with multiple bone lesions may rarely survive after how long?

<p>$6-12$ months (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes Quantitative alterations?

<p>Referring to Leukocytes that are lower or higher in number (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When does Monocytosis typically occur during infection?

<p>The late recuperative phase of infection. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What infections lead to Lymphocytopenia?

<p>Most acute infections. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is chemotherapy Primarily used in leukemia treatment?

<p>Primary treatment for leukemia to target stem cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios is most likely to result in a 'shift to the left' in a patient's neutrophil count?

<p>A patient with a severe bacterial infection and a high fever. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Infectious mononucleosis is primarily caused by EBV, which exerts its effects on which type of cells?

<p>B lymphocytes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient presents with fatigue, frequent infections, and unexplained bleeding. Blood tests reveal pancytopenia and a high percentage of blast cells in the bone marrow. These findings are most consistent with which condition?

<p>Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML). (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the most critical differentiating factor between Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL)?

<p>The presence of Reed-Sternberg (RS) cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient diagnosed with multiple myeloma (MM) is found to have significant proteinuria. This finding is most likely attributed to the overproduction and excretion of what?

<p>Bence Jones protein. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient presents with fatigue, anemia, and splenomegaly. Further testing reveals excessive destruction of red blood cells and sequestration in the spleen. Which of the following splenic function alterations is the most likely cause?

<p>Hypersplenism. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A researcher is investigating potential causes of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL). Which of the following factors would be most likely to contribute to the development of NHL?

<p>Immunosuppression. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient with a history of smoking and exposure to benzene presents with signs of leukemia. Which of the following mechanisms is most likely contributing to the development of leukemia in this patient?

<p>Genetic mutations in hematopoietic stem cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient with multiple myeloma experiences frequent infections despite antibiotic treatment. Which of the following factors related to multiple myeloma contributes most significantly to this increased susceptibility to infection?

<p>Suppression of the humoral immune response. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A doctor discovers a patient has splenomegaly during a routine exam. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in managing this finding?

<p>Investigate the underlying cause of the splenomegaly. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Leukocyte Disorders Types

Disorders are classified as quantitative, involving count, or qualitative, involving cell function.

Leukocytosis

A leukocyte count higher than normal, a protective response to stressors.

Neutrophilia

Increased granulocytes, particularly neutrophils, released from bone marrow.

Shift to the Left

Immature neutrophils released from bone marrow due to high demand.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Eosinophilia

Increased circulating eosinophils, associated with allergies and parasitic infections.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Monocytosis

Increased circulating monocytes, commonly associated with bacterial infection.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Lymphocytosis

Increased lymphocytes, commonly in acute viral infections.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Infectious Mononucleosis

Acute viral infection of B lymphocytes caused by EBV, transmitted by saliva.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Leukemia

Uncontrolled proliferation of malignant leukocytes, decreasing normal cell production.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Acute Leukemia

Leukemia with undifferentiated, immature cells; abrupt onset, short survival.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Chronic Leukemia

Leukemia with more differentiated but non-functional cells; slow progression.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL)

Aggressive leukemia with too many lymphoblasts.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (AML)

Aggressive leukemia with too many myeloblasts in bone marrow and blood.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)

Slow-growing leukemia with immature lymphocytes mainly in bone marrow.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Lymphadenopathy

Increase in size/number of lymph node germinal centers.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Localized Lymphadenopathy

Usually indicates drainage of an area with inflammation/infection.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Generalized Lymphadenopathy

Usually from malignant or non-malignant disease.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Lymphoma

Proliferation of malignant lymphocytes in the lymphoid system.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hodgkin Lymphoma

Lymphoma derived from a B cell in the germinal center.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hodgkin Lymphoma Symptoms

Fever, weight loss, night sweats, pruritus, fatigue, painless enlarged nodes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

Progressive expansion of B, T, and NK cells from gene mutations.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Burkitt Lymphoma

Aggressive B-cell lymphoma, often associated with EBV.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Lymphoblastic Lymphoma

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma variant, more common in children/adolescents.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Multiple Myeloma

Complex disease with genetic alterations and varying responses.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Splenomegaly

Enlargement of the spleen without a specific cause.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hypersplenism

Overactive spleen reducing circulating blood cells, causing anemia.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Leukocytosis Causes

Higher-than-normal leukocyte count due to stressors, malignancies, or infections.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Leukopenia Causes

Lower-than-normal leukocyte count, often with neutropenia, from stressors or malignancies.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Monocytosis Association

Occurs in the late or recuperative phase of infection, chronic infections.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Granulocytopenia Causes

Significant decrease in neutrophils, often from chemotherapy or radiation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Lymphocytopenia Association

Decreased lymphocytes in infections and immunodeficiency syndromes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Lymphocytosis Origins

Infections, leukemia, lymphomas, and chronic infections.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Infectious Mononucleosis Symptoms

Sore throat and fever at viral entry site.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Leukemia Treatment

Chemotherapy and new drugs targeting stem cells.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hodgkin Lymphoma Characteristic

Reed-Sternberg cells in lymph nodes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Causes

Genetic mutations and viral infection causes

Signup and view all the flashcards

Multiple Myeloma

Immature B-cell neoplasm.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Splenomegaly Origins

Acute inflammatory/infectious processes and tumors/cysts causes

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hodgkin Lymphoma initial sign

Enlarged, painless mass or swelling, commonly in the neck.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Burkitt lymphoma

jaw and facial bones affected by

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Leukocyte Disorders

  • Leukocyte disorders are categorized as quantitative or qualitative.
  • Quantitative disorders usually stem from decreased bone marrow production.
  • Qualitative disorders involve functional disruption, such as impaired phagocytosis or antigen response.
  • Leukocytosis is an elevated leukocyte count, a protective response to stressors like infection and exercise.
  • Neutrophilia is granulocytosis, as neutrophils are the most abundant granulocytes.
  • Increased granulocyte release from the bone marrow is termed cranial psychosis
  • A shift to the left occurs when immature neutrophils are released due to high demand.
  • Eosinophilia is an elevated count of eosinophils, linked to allergies and parasitic infections.
  • Monocytosis is an elevated monocyte count, commonly associated with bacterial infection.
  • Lymphocytosis commonly occurs in acute viral infections.

Infectious Mononucleosis (IM)

  • IM is a benign, acute, self-limiting lymphoproliferative syndrome.
  • It is caused by EBV (Epstein-Barr virus), a type of herpes virus infecting B lymphocytes.
  • EBV transmission occurs through saliva, hence "kissing disease".

Leukemia

  • Leukemia is a disorder of leukocytes in the bone marrow, and often the blood.
  • It involves uncontrolled proliferation of malignant leukocytes.
  • This proliferation results in decreased production and function of normal hematopoietic cells.
  • Acute leukemia involves undifferentiated or immature cells, with rapid onset and short survival.
  • Chronic leukemia involves more differentiated but non-functional cells, with slow progression.
  • Acute leukemias include acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) and acute myelogenous leukemia (AML).
  • AML features too many lymphoblasts.
  • AML features an excessive number of myeloblasts in the bone marrow and blood.
  • Chronic leukemias are chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).
  • CLL is a slow-growing cancer with too many immature lymphocytes, primarily in bone and bone marrow.
  • There is a familial tendency for leukemia to reappear, and increased risk with cigarette smoke, benzene, and ionizing radiation.

Lymphoma

  • Lymphadenopathy is the increased size and number of germinal centers in lymph nodes.
  • Large neck nodes are palpable and often tender.
  • Localized lymphadenopathy suggests drainage from inflammation or infection.
  • Generalized lymphadenopathy is usually due to malignancy or non-malignant disease.
  • Lymphomas arise from malignant lymphocyte proliferation in the lymphoid system.
  • Both Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma occur in children and adults.
  • Hodgkin lymphoma arises from a B cell in the germinal center that failed immune gene rearrangement.
  • Hodgkin lymphoma symptoms include fever, weight loss, night sweats, pruritus, fatigue, and painless neck enlargement.
  • Non-Hodgkin lymphoma involves progressive clonal expansion of B-cells, T cells, and natural killer cells.
  • Non-Hodgkin lymphomas likely stem from mutations in cellular genes induced environmentally.
  • Burkitt lymphoma is an aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma, common in children (30% of cases).
  • Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) is associated with almost all Burkitt lymphoma, and immunosuppression increases susceptibility.
  • Lymphoblastic lymphoma is a rare non-Hodgkin lymphoma variant (2-4% incidence), accounting for 20% of cases in children and adolescents.

Multiple Myeloma

  • Multiple myeloma is a biologically complex disease with genetic alterations and variable responses.
  • It has a poor prognosis, with a median survival of three years. -Untreated, individuals with multiple bone lesions rarely survive more than 6 to 12 months.

Splenic Function

  • Splenomegaly (enlarged spleen) occurs in 7-15% of individuals, without specific etiology identified.
  • An overactive spleen leads to hematologic alterations, reducing circulating blood cells.
  • The spleen can sequester up to 50% of red blood cells, potentially causing anemia.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

More Like This

Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser