Lesson 2: Concept of a Hero in Filipino Culture

A warrior or community servant in early Philippine societies, known for their efforts within a community, cooperating with others and returning home after raids.

Raiding into unallied territory by Filipino warriors in early Philippine societies, often for resources, revenge, mourning rituals or personal gain.

The Filipino concept of cooperative effort and mutual assistance within a community.

Free labor offered to or by someone as exemplified in Bayanihan.

Early Filipino heroes were not savages; community servants who helped others maintain peace and order within their towns.

Bayani identity is often tied to traditional items like tattoos, kris/kampilan (weapons), putong (headgear), and red colored garments, symbolizing the protection of the kaluluwa (soul).

Early Filipino heroes prioritized maintaining community peace and order through cooperation and helping those in need.

Early Filipino heroes were described as having high status, dignity, courage, firmness, boldness, calmness, and quiet demeanor.

In early Philippine societies, heroes were living people who demonstrated exemplary qualities; their role was an honorific title, not a posthumous award.

Spanish colonizers introduced the idea of imitating saints and disciples (dead people) for good qualities, shifting the focus from living role models to religious figures.

The Americans promoted hero-worship of American soldiers and officials, justifying American rule through monuments and commemorations.

During American rule, prominent Filipinos like Rizal, Mabini, Luna, and Del Pilar were recognized as national heroes.

Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs) are considered "new heroes" (Bagong Bayani) for their contributions abroad, continuing a tradition of hard work.

The term "Bayani" represents a central concept of Filipino well-being, a value held throughout Philippine history.

The concept of a Filipino hero evolved from living people to those who died during the Spanish and American periods.

American colonizers promoted American culture through the study of American heroes, like Washington, Lincoln, and Franklin, in the Philippines.

The National Historical Commission of the Philippines (NHCP) sets the criteria for recognizing heroes in the Philippines.

One of the key criteria for recognizing a hero is the extent to which they sacrificed for the well-being of the Philippines.

The motives and methods used by a person to achieve their goal of improving the country are considered for hero status.

The moral character of a potential hero is evaluated as part of the recognition process.

The impact a person has on their own time and future generations is considered for hero status.

Individuals who define and contribute to a system of freedom and order for a nation are possible heroes.

People who contribute to improving the quality of life and future of a nation are considered heroes.

A person's actions should reflect the voice and values of the people they represent.

Since Rizal's death, his image has been widely used on stamps, charts, postcards, and other printed materials, particularly after the Rizal Law in 1956 mandated his teachings in schools.

In 1995, the National Heroes Committee released a list of recommended national heroes including Jose Rizal, Andres Bonifacio, Emilio Aguinaldo, Apolinario Mabini, Marcelo H. del Pilar, Sultan Dipatuan Kudarat, Juan Luna, Melchora Aquino, and Gabriela Silang.

The National Heroes Committee's list of recommended heroes has not been officially approved due to potential controversies and bitter debates among historians.

Rizal is an important figure in four major national celebrations: Independence Day (June 12), Rizal's Birth Anniversary (June 19), National Heroes Week (last week of August), and Rizal Day (December 30).

A simple monument to Rizal was erected in Daet, Camarines Norte in 1898, predating the Rizal Monument in Manila's Luneta Park.

The Rizal Monument in Luneta Park, Manila, was constructed in 1911 through public subscription by Filipinos.

The Rizal monument in Daet bears the titles of his two novels, "Noli Me Tangere" and "El Filibusterismo," highlighting their importance in his legacy.

The Daet monument also features the word "Morga," referring to Rizal's annotation of the Spanish book "Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas" in 1890.

During the American period, the Americans promoted American soldiers and figures as heroes, emphasizing their role in the Philippines. This involved building monuments, celebrating specific days of the year, and emphasizing their actions.

The concept of a hero in the Philippines shifted from living figures who embodied community values to those who died for national liberation or the common good, particularly during the Spanish and American periods. This change reflects the evolving political and social landscape.

The first formal commemoration recognizing Jose Rizal as a national hero was established by President Emilio Aguinaldo on December 30, 1898. This event, called the National Day of Mourning, paved the way for the official recognition of Rizal Day.

In contemporary Filipino society, the concept of a hero has broadened to include individuals who contribute to the nation's well-being, even without the traditional heroic actions. An example is the Overseas Filipino Worker (OFW) who contributes to the Philippine economy through their hard work.

The modern understanding of heroes acknowledges that they are ordinary people who demonstrate extraordinary qualities. Unlike the idealized depictions of heroes in the past, they are seen as fallible individuals who face challenges and struggles.

A 'Bayani' is a Filipino hero, often a warrior or community leader who embodied bravery and service. They were not posthumous awards, but actively fought against threats and helped their people.

During Spanish rule, 'Bayani' became associated with imitating saints and disciples. This shifted the focus from living heroes to religious figures, emphasizing obedience and faith.

A 'Bayani' is characterized by bravery, service to the community, upholding peace and order, and cooperation. They were living figures who embodied these ideals.

Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs) are often called the 'Bagong Bayani' (New Heroes) because of their contributions abroad. They embody the 'Bayani' spirit of hard work, sacrifice, and sending money back to their families.

Modern 'Bayani' are often not warriors or traditional leaders. They are everyday people, like OFWs or frontliners, who make significant contributions to society. This expansion of the 'Bayani' concept reflects changing values and the need for diverse role models.

Modern 'Bayani' criteria might include: dedication to service, self-sacrifice, positive impact on society, embodiment of Filipino values. These criteria reflect the diverse ways individuals can contribute and inspire others.

The 'Bayani' concept is central to Filipino identity and values. It reflects the importance of community, service, and selflessness. It inspires people to strive for a better future.

Modern 'Bayani' could include medical workers, teachers, essential workers, social activists, and even everyday Filipinos who show exceptional kindness and compassion. The 'Bayani' spirit is not limited to specific roles.