Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the geographical distribution of Old World leishmaniasis?
What is the geographical distribution of Old World leishmaniasis?
- Australia and Antarctica
- The Americas
- Africa and Asia (correct)
- Europe and Asia
What is the natural reservoir host for Leishmania?
What is the natural reservoir host for Leishmania?
- Cats
- Bats
- Dogs (correct)
- Rabbits
What are the two known stages in the life cycle of Leishmania?
What are the two known stages in the life cycle of Leishmania?
- Merozoite and Gametocyte
- Amastigote and Promastigote (correct)
- Amoeboid and Sporozoite
- Trophozoite and Schizont
How do promastigotes enter the human host?
How do promastigotes enter the human host?
Why is the Leishmanin test negative in active cases of kala-azar?
Why is the Leishmanin test negative in active cases of kala-azar?
How can a diagnosis of PKDL (post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis) be established?
How can a diagnosis of PKDL (post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis) be established?
Which type of leishmaniasis causes both skin and mucosal ulcers primarily affecting the nose and mouth?
Which type of leishmaniasis causes both skin and mucosal ulcers primarily affecting the nose and mouth?
What is the pathogenesis of New World leishmaniasis caused by L. braziliensis and L. mexicana?
What is the pathogenesis of New World leishmaniasis caused by L. braziliensis and L. mexicana?
What is one recommended method for preventing leishmaniasis?
What is one recommended method for preventing leishmaniasis?
Why do most vaccine trials for leishmaniasis not provide effective protection?
Why do most vaccine trials for leishmaniasis not provide effective protection?
What is the main habitat for Leishmania in cutaneous leishmaniasis?
What is the main habitat for Leishmania in cutaneous leishmaniasis?
Which form of leishmaniasis is known as black fever and is associated with high fatality?
Which form of leishmaniasis is known as black fever and is associated with high fatality?
What is a common risk factor for developing Leishmaniasis?
What is a common risk factor for developing Leishmaniasis?
What leads to the progressive enlargement of organs in visceral leishmaniasis?
What leads to the progressive enlargement of organs in visceral leishmaniasis?
Which diagnostic method for leishmaniasis involves delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction to intradermal crude Leishmania antigen?
Which diagnostic method for leishmaniasis involves delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction to intradermal crude Leishmania antigen?
What causes an open sore at bite sites in cutaneous leishmaniasis?
What causes an open sore at bite sites in cutaneous leishmaniasis?
Which form of leishmaniasis may resemble leprosy due to widespread skin lesions?
Which form of leishmaniasis may resemble leprosy due to widespread skin lesions?
What is the main method of transmission for Old World leishmaniasis?
What is the main method of transmission for Old World leishmaniasis?
Which stage of Leishmania is known for its spindle shape with a flagellum?
Which stage of Leishmania is known for its spindle shape with a flagellum?
What distinguishes New World leishmaniasis from Old World leishmaniasis in terms of sandfly genera?
What distinguishes New World leishmaniasis from Old World leishmaniasis in terms of sandfly genera?
Which host is NOT a natural reservoir for Leishmania?
Which host is NOT a natural reservoir for Leishmania?
What is the primary mode of feeding for adult female sandflies?
What is the primary mode of feeding for adult female sandflies?
How do promastigotes of Leishmania reproduce in the sandfly vector?
How do promastigotes of Leishmania reproduce in the sandfly vector?
Where do promastigotes reside in the sandfly?
Where do promastigotes reside in the sandfly?
What happens to promastigotes when the sandfly bites a reservoir host or an infected person?
What happens to promastigotes when the sandfly bites a reservoir host or an infected person?
In which region of the world is New World leishmaniasis mainly found?
In which region of the world is New World leishmaniasis mainly found?
What is the main habitat for Leishmania in visceral leishmaniasis?
What is the main habitat for Leishmania in visceral leishmaniasis?
What type of shape does an amastigote of Leishmania usually have?
What type of shape does an amastigote of Leishmania usually have?
What symptom is NOT typically associated with visceral leishmaniasis?
What symptom is NOT typically associated with visceral leishmaniasis?
What is the pathogen that causes Leishmaniasis disease?
What is the pathogen that causes Leishmaniasis disease?
Which parasite causes cutaneous leishmaniasis resembling leprosy?
Which parasite causes cutaneous leishmaniasis resembling leprosy?
What is the primary time frame when adult female sandflies feed?
What is the primary time frame when adult female sandflies feed?
What leads to the breakdown of the host cell in leishmaniasis?
What leads to the breakdown of the host cell in leishmaniasis?
Which form of leishmaniasis is NOT associated with skin changes?
Which form of leishmaniasis is NOT associated with skin changes?
What is the most common form of Old World leishmaniasis?
What is the most common form of Old World leishmaniasis?
What is the diagnosis method that involves a skin scraping with microscopic analysis using Wright or Giemsa stain?
What is the diagnosis method that involves a skin scraping with microscopic analysis using Wright or Giemsa stain?
What symptom may develop at the site of the bite in cutaneous leishmaniasis?
What symptom may develop at the site of the bite in cutaneous leishmaniasis?
Which form of leishmaniasis is known as black fever?
Which form of leishmaniasis is known as black fever?
"Post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis" (PKDL) manifests as what type of skin lesions?
"Post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis" (PKDL) manifests as what type of skin lesions?
What is NOT a common risk factor for Leishmaniasis?
What is NOT a common risk factor for Leishmaniasis?
What is one way to diagnose Leishmaniasis involving Serological testing?
What is one way to diagnose Leishmaniasis involving Serological testing?
Why does the Leishmanin test show a negative result in active cases of kala-azar?
Why does the Leishmanin test show a negative result in active cases of kala-azar?
What is the primary cause of damage in New World leishmaniasis - Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis?
What is the primary cause of damage in New World leishmaniasis - Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis?
What is the main habitat of Leishmania parasites in cutaneous leishmaniasis?
What is the main habitat of Leishmania parasites in cutaneous leishmaniasis?
Which drug may be used as a treatment for cutaneous leishmaniasis?
Which drug may be used as a treatment for cutaneous leishmaniasis?
What can cause an open sore at the site of a sandfly bite in leishmaniasis?
What can cause an open sore at the site of a sandfly bite in leishmaniasis?
In New World leishmaniasis, which part of the body is primarily affected by tissue damage?
In New World leishmaniasis, which part of the body is primarily affected by tissue damage?
What type of immunity is crucial for controlling Leishmania parasites in the human body?
What type of immunity is crucial for controlling Leishmania parasites in the human body?
How can leishmaniasis be partly prevented?
How can leishmaniasis be partly prevented?
Which diagnostic method is used for visceral leishmaniasis?
Which diagnostic method is used for visceral leishmaniasis?
What is a characteristic feature of PKDL (post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis)?
What is a characteristic feature of PKDL (post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis)?
What is a primary treatment option for visceral leishmaniasis?
What is a primary treatment option for visceral leishmaniasis?
What causes reappearing lesions elsewhere after healing in cutaneous leishmaniasis?
What causes reappearing lesions elsewhere after healing in cutaneous leishmaniasis?
Study Notes
Geographical Distribution and Natural Reservoir
- Old World leishmaniasis is found in the Old World, including Africa, Asia, and Europe
- The natural reservoir host for Leishmania is animals and humans
Life Cycle of Leishmania
- The two known stages in the life cycle of Leishmania are:
- Amastigote stage: occurs within host cells
- Promastigote stage: occurs in the sandfly vector
Transmission and Entry into Human Host
- Promastigotes enter the human host through the bite of an infected sandfly
- Sandflies become infected by feeding on the blood of infected animals or humans
Diagnosis and Testing
- The Leishmanin test is negative in active cases of kala-azar due to immunological tolerance
- Diagnosis of PKDL (post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis) can be established through biopsy and histopathology
- The Montenegro skin test is used to diagnose leishmaniasis and involves a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction to intradermal crude Leishmania antigen
Types of Leishmaniasis
- Cutaneous leishmaniasis causes skin ulcers and is primarily caused by L. major and L. tropica
- Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis causes both skin and mucosal ulcers, primarily affecting the nose and mouth, and is caused by L. braziliensis and L. mexicana
- Visceral leishmaniasis, also known as kala-azar, causes progressive enlargement of organs and is caused by L. donovani
- PKDL (post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis) manifests as hypopigmented skin lesions
Prevention and Treatment
- One recommended method for preventing leishmaniasis is using insecticide-treated bed nets
- Most vaccine trials for leishmaniasis do not provide effective protection due to variation in parasite strains and lack of correlates of protection
- Treatment options for leishmaniasis include antimonial compounds, amphotericin B, and miltefosine
Vector and Habitat
- The main habitat for Leishmania in cutaneous leishmaniasis is the skin
- The main habitat for Leishmania in visceral leishmaniasis is the spleen, liver, and bone marrow
- Adult female sandflies are the primary vectors of Leishmania transmission
- Sandflies primarily feed on blood at night
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Description
Explore the differences between Old World and New World Leishmaniasis, caused by different species of Leishmania and transmitted by distinct types of sandflies. Learn about the geographical distribution and transmission methods of this parasitic disease.
