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Where are the promastigotes released from during a fly bite?
Where are the promastigotes released from during a fly bite?
What is the form that the promastigotes transform into once inside the human host?
What is the form that the promastigotes transform into once inside the human host?
What is the result of the amastigotes replicating in the macrophage cell?
What is the result of the amastigotes replicating in the macrophage cell?
How do the daughter cells protozoans migrate to find new hosts?
How do the daughter cells protozoans migrate to find new hosts?
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What is a major risk factor for Leishmaniasis?
What is a major risk factor for Leishmaniasis?
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What is the type of leishmaniasis caused by L.tropica, L.major, and L.aethiopica?
What is the type of leishmaniasis caused by L.tropica, L.major, and L.aethiopica?
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What is the primary location of the parasite in infantum (infantile visceral leishmaniasis)?
What is the primary location of the parasite in infantum (infantile visceral leishmaniasis)?
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What is the most common cause of death in visceral leishmaniasis?
What is the most common cause of death in visceral leishmaniasis?
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What is the characteristic of Post Kala-azar Dermal Leishmaniasis (PKDL)?
What is the characteristic of Post Kala-azar Dermal Leishmaniasis (PKDL)?
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Which of the following is not a diagnostic test for Visceral leishmaniasis?
Which of the following is not a diagnostic test for Visceral leishmaniasis?
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What is the primary difference between L.donovani and L.infantum infection?
What is the primary difference between L.donovani and L.infantum infection?
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What is the term for the reversal of Leishmania donovani from viscerotropic to dermatotropic?
What is the term for the reversal of Leishmania donovani from viscerotropic to dermatotropic?
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Which insect is responsible for transmitting the parasite that causes African Trypanosomiasis?
Which insect is responsible for transmitting the parasite that causes African Trypanosomiasis?
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What is the form of the trypomastigotes when they first enter the mammalian host?
What is the form of the trypomastigotes when they first enter the mammalian host?
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What is the site of multiplication of the trypomastigotes in the mammalian host?
What is the site of multiplication of the trypomastigotes in the mammalian host?
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What is the role of wild animals in the transmission of African Trypanosomiasis?
What is the role of wild animals in the transmission of African Trypanosomiasis?
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In which part of the tsetse fly do the trypomastigotes transform into epimastigotes?
In which part of the tsetse fly do the trypomastigotes transform into epimastigotes?
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What is the final form of the trypomastigotes in the tsetse fly before transmission to the mammalian host?
What is the final form of the trypomastigotes in the tsetse fly before transmission to the mammalian host?
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What is the term for the localized swelling and erythema at the site of the insect bite?
What is the term for the localized swelling and erythema at the site of the insect bite?
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What is the consequence of cardiac involvement in chronic infection?
What is the consequence of cardiac involvement in chronic infection?
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What is the purpose of documenting a history of potential exposure to T.cruzi?
What is the purpose of documenting a history of potential exposure to T.cruzi?
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What is the result of regional lymphadenopathy?
What is the result of regional lymphadenopathy?
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What is the technique that uses the arthropod host as an indicator of infection?
What is the technique that uses the arthropod host as an indicator of infection?
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What is the outcome of chronic infection in the gastrointestinal tract?
What is the outcome of chronic infection in the gastrointestinal tract?
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What is the limitation of the application of conventional antibodies for the treatment of the haemolymphatic stage of Chagas Disease?
What is the limitation of the application of conventional antibodies for the treatment of the haemolymphatic stage of Chagas Disease?
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In which stage does the parasite reproduce through binary fission in the triatomine bug?
In which stage does the parasite reproduce through binary fission in the triatomine bug?
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What is the type of reaction that is often reported as a severe side effect?
What is the type of reaction that is often reported as a severe side effect?
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Where do the infectious T.cruzi reside in the triatomine bug?
Where do the infectious T.cruzi reside in the triatomine bug?
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What is the stage of the parasite when it is ingested by the triatomine bug during a blood meal?
What is the stage of the parasite when it is ingested by the triatomine bug during a blood meal?
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What is the typical behavior of the triatomine bug during the day?
What is the typical behavior of the triatomine bug during the day?
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Where are the developmental stages of the parasite found in the vector during xenodiagnosis?
Where are the developmental stages of the parasite found in the vector during xenodiagnosis?
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What is the purpose of feeding uninfected rats with muscle tissue from a patient suspected of having trichinosis?
What is the purpose of feeding uninfected rats with muscle tissue from a patient suspected of having trichinosis?
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What is the function of the midgut in the mosquito/insect gut?
What is the function of the midgut in the mosquito/insect gut?
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What is the effectiveness of nifurtimox and benznidazole in curing Chagas' disease if given early in the acute phase?
What is the effectiveness of nifurtimox and benznidazole in curing Chagas' disease if given early in the acute phase?
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What is the site of multiplication of the parasite in the tsetse fly during xenodiagnosis?
What is the site of multiplication of the parasite in the tsetse fly during xenodiagnosis?
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What is the purpose of xenodiagnosis in the diagnosis of Chagas' disease?
What is the purpose of xenodiagnosis in the diagnosis of Chagas' disease?
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What is the type of procedure used in xenodiagnosis for the diagnosis of Chagas' disease?
What is the type of procedure used in xenodiagnosis for the diagnosis of Chagas' disease?
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What is the role of the uninfected reduviid bugs in xenodiagnosis?
What is the role of the uninfected reduviid bugs in xenodiagnosis?
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What is the time frame during which the feces from the bugs are examined for the presence of developmental stages of the parasite?
What is the time frame during which the feces from the bugs are examined for the presence of developmental stages of the parasite?
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What is the primary use of xenodiagnosis?
What is the primary use of xenodiagnosis?
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Study Notes
Trypanosomiasis and Leishmaniasis
- Parasitic diseases caused by protozoa of the genera Trypanosoma and Leishmania.
Acute Infection
- Characterized by localized swelling and erythema at the site of the insect bite (chagoma).
- Result of local replication of parasites and influx of fluid and inflammatory cells.
Chronic Infection
- Tissue parasites are difficult to detect.
- Significant interstitial fibrosis occurs.
- Cardiac involvement leads to fibrosis in the heart muscle, damaging the tissue.
Diagnosis
- History of potential exposure to T.cruzi is important to document.
- Methods:
- Microscopic examination of a blood film.
- PCR.
- Culture of blood on NNN media.
- Immunoassay.
- Xenodiagnosis.
Visceral Leishmaniasis (Kala-Azar)
- Caused by L.infantum.
- Habitat: Reticuloendothelial cells, especially in the liver, spleen, bone marrow, and lymph nodes of humans and dogs.
- Pathogenesis: Parasite spreads from the site of inoculation to multiply in reticuloendothelial cells.
- Symptoms:
- Fever
- Enlargement of spleen, liver, and lymph nodes
- Anemia
- Leukopenia
- Skin changes
- Death is due to secondary infections.
Post Kala-Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis (PKDL)
- Secondary form of the disease that may set in after successful treatment.
- Caused by the reversal of L.donovani from viscerotropic to dermatotropic.
- Manifests as small, measles-like skin lesions on the face, which gradually increase in size and spread over the body.
African Trypanosomiasis (Sleeping Sickness)
- Caused by T.brucei.
- Life cycle: Between tsetse fly (Glossina) and mammalian hosts, including humans, cattle, horses, and wild animals.
- In mammalian host:
- Infection occurs when a vector tsetse fly bites a mammalian host.
- Trypomastigotes enter the lymphatic system and bloodstream.
- They multiply by binary fission and penetrate the blood vessel endothelium and invade extravascular tissues, including the CNS.
American Trypanosomiasis (Chagas Disease)
- Caused by T.cruzi.
- Life cycle:
- In animal reservoir, usually mammals, wild or domestic, including humans.
- Triatomine bug serves as the vector.
- In triatomine bug, parasite goes into epimastigote stage, making it possible to reproduce.
Treatment
- African Trypanosomiasis: Suramine, pentamidine, and melarsoprol.
- American Trypanosomiasis: Nifurtimox and benznidazole.
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Description
This quiz covers the life cycle of Leishmania parasites, from transmission through the bite of an infected sandfly to the transformation into amastigotes and replication within macrophages.
