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What is the main focus of the 'Roll Back Malaria' program?
What is the main focus of the 'Roll Back Malaria' program?
What is a common misconception about Babesiosis according to the text?
What is a common misconception about Babesiosis according to the text?
What is the typical symptom of Babesiosis?
What is the typical symptom of Babesiosis?
How is infection with Babesiosis usually transmitted to humans?
How is infection with Babesiosis usually transmitted to humans?
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What is primaquine active against?
What is primaquine active against?
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What does the acronym 'RTS' stand for in the malaria vaccine name?
What does the acronym 'RTS' stand for in the malaria vaccine name?
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Which condition should the use of primaquine be avoided in?
Which condition should the use of primaquine be avoided in?
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What is the primary function of the World Health Organization in the global effort to eradicate malaria?
What is the primary function of the World Health Organization in the global effort to eradicate malaria?
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What is the Montenegro test used for?
What is the Montenegro test used for?
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Why are blood smears not useful for diagnosing Leishmaniasis?
Why are blood smears not useful for diagnosing Leishmaniasis?
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What is the main cause of death from malaria?
What is the main cause of death from malaria?
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Why is malaria referred to as 'mal air'?
Why is malaria referred to as 'mal air'?
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Which of the following adverse effects is commonly associated with treatments involving quinine and quinidine?
Which of the following adverse effects is commonly associated with treatments involving quinine and quinidine?
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Which anti-malarial agent is believed to inhibit mitochondrial electron transport in Plasmodium species?
Which anti-malarial agent is believed to inhibit mitochondrial electron transport in Plasmodium species?
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What is a reported side effect of Atovaquone-Proguanil therapy?
What is a reported side effect of Atovaquone-Proguanil therapy?
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What is the primary reason for the common resistance to Folate Inhibition therapy in many areas?
What is the primary reason for the common resistance to Folate Inhibition therapy in many areas?
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What is the recommended antibiotic treatment for most patients with symptomatic Babesiosis?
What is the recommended antibiotic treatment for most patients with symptomatic Babesiosis?
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Which nematode is responsible for elephantiasis in humans?
Which nematode is responsible for elephantiasis in humans?
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What may result from chronic filarial-induced eosinophilia?
What may result from chronic filarial-induced eosinophilia?
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How is lymphatic filariasis transmitted to humans?
How is lymphatic filariasis transmitted to humans?
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What is the mechanism of action of Artemisinins in treating malaria?
What is the mechanism of action of Artemisinins in treating malaria?
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Which treatment is highly effective against blood schizonts and gametocytes of all malarial species but has no effect on hepatic stages?
Which treatment is highly effective against blood schizonts and gametocytes of all malarial species but has no effect on hepatic stages?
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What are the rare serious adverse reactions associated with Chloroquine treatment?
What are the rare serious adverse reactions associated with Chloroquine treatment?
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What is a caution associated with the use of Artemisinins in pregnancy?
What is a caution associated with the use of Artemisinins in pregnancy?
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What are the adverse effects commonly associated with treatments involving quinine and quinidine?
What are the adverse effects commonly associated with treatments involving quinine and quinidine?
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Which anti-malarial agent is believed to inhibit mitochondrial electron transport in Plasmodium species?
Which anti-malarial agent is believed to inhibit mitochondrial electron transport in Plasmodium species?
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What is the most commonly seen complication of malaria with treatments involving quinine and quinidine?
What is the most commonly seen complication of malaria with treatments involving quinine and quinidine?
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What is the primary reason for the common resistance to Folate Inhibition therapy in many areas?
What is the primary reason for the common resistance to Folate Inhibition therapy in many areas?
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What is the general geographical distribution of the parasite that causes Chagas disease?
What is the general geographical distribution of the parasite that causes Chagas disease?
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What is the infective form of the parasite responsible for causing schistosomiasis in humans?
What is the infective form of the parasite responsible for causing schistosomiasis in humans?
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Which laboratory test may be of value for diagnosing malaria?
Which laboratory test may be of value for diagnosing malaria?
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What is the most common symptom of the disease caused by the parasite responsible for African sleeping sickness?
What is the most common symptom of the disease caused by the parasite responsible for African sleeping sickness?
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What is the primary function of the Malaria RTS,S/AS01 Vaccine?
What is the primary function of the Malaria RTS,S/AS01 Vaccine?
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What is the main reason for avoiding the use of primaquine?
What is the main reason for avoiding the use of primaquine?
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What is the mechanism of action of primaquine in treating malaria?
What is the mechanism of action of primaquine in treating malaria?
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What is the World Health Organization's role in the global effort to eradicate malaria?
What is the World Health Organization's role in the global effort to eradicate malaria?
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Study Notes
Roll Back Malaria Program
- Aims to reduce malaria morbidity and mortality through collaboration among governments, NGOs, and international organizations.
Common Misconceptions about Babesiosis
- Babesiosis is often mistaken as a mild illness, while it can lead to severe complications and death, particularly in immunocompromised individuals.
Typical Symptom of Babesiosis
- Fever, chills, and sweats are common symptoms, often resembling those of malaria.
Transmission of Babesiosis
- Infection is usually transmitted to humans through tick bites, particularly from the Ixodes scapularis (black-legged tick).
Primaquine Activity
- Primaquine is active against the dormant liver stages (hypnozoites) of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale.
RTS Acronym
- 'RTS' stands for "Regimen for Targeting Synthetics" in the malaria vaccine name RTS,S/AS01.
Cautions with Primaquine
- Use of primaquine should be avoided in individuals with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency due to risk of hemolysis.
WHO's Role in Malaria Eradication
- The World Health Organization (WHO) leads global efforts to coordinate, guide, and implement strategies for malaria control and eradication.
Montenegro Test
- The Montenegro test is used for the diagnosis of leishmaniasis, assessing delayed hypersensitivity through skin reaction.
Blood Smears and Leishmaniasis
- Blood smears are not useful for diagnosing leishmaniasis because the causal organism resides within host macrophages and not in the bloodstream.
Malaria Mortality
- The primary cause of death from malaria is severe disease leading to complications like cerebral malaria and multi-organ failure.
Origin of Malaria's Name
- Malaria is referred to as 'mal air' due to its historical association with marshy areas and the prevailing miasma theory of disease.
Adverse Effects of Quinine and Quinidine
- Commonly associated adverse effects include tinnitus, dizziness, and hypoglycemia.
Mitochondrial Inhibition in Plasmodium
- Atovaquone is believed to inhibit mitochondrial electron transport in Plasmodium species, affecting their energy production.
Side Effects of Atovaquone-Proguanil Therapy
- Reported side effects include abdominal pain, nausea, and diarrhea.
Resistance to Folate Inhibition Therapy
- Common resistance in many areas arises from mutations in the dihydropteroate synthase enzyme, reducing drug efficacy.
Treatment for Symptomatic Babesiosis
- Doxycycline is the recommended antibiotic treatment for most patients with symptomatic babesiosis.
Nematode Causing Elephantiasis
- Wuchereria bancrofti is the nematode responsible for causing lymphatic filariasis, leading to elephantiasis in humans.
Chronic Filarial-Induced Eosinophilia
- Chronic eosinophilia can lead to immune dysfunction and allergic conditions due to prolonged exposure to filarial antigens.
Transmission of Lymphatic Filariasis
- Lymphatic filariasis is transmitted to humans through the bites of infected mosquitoes, primarily from the genera Anopheles, Aedes, and Culex.
Mechanism of Action of Artemisinins
- Artemisinins work by producing free radicals within the malaria parasite, leading to its destruction.
Treatment for Blood Schizonts and Gametocytes
- Artensunate and its derivatives are highly effective against blood schizonts and gametocytes of all malarial species but do not affect hepatic stages.
Serious Adverse Reactions of Chloroquine
- Rare serious adverse reactions may include retinopathy and cardiotoxicity.
Caution with Artemisinins in Pregnancy
- Artemisinins should be used with caution in pregnancy due to potential risks to the fetus during the first trimester.
Complications from Quinine and Quinidine
- The most common complication relates to cardiac dysrhythmias arising from their use in treatment.
Geographical Distribution of Chagas Disease
- The parasite causing Chagas disease is primarily found in Latin America, with cases increasingly reported in non-endemic areas due to migration.
Infective Form of Schistosomiasis
- The cercaria is the infective form of the parasite causing schistosomiasis in humans.
Laboratory Test for Malaria Diagnosis
- A rapid diagnostic test (RDT) can be valuable for diagnosing malaria, particularly in resource-limited settings.
Symptom of African Sleeping Sickness
- The most common symptom is a recurrent fever, which can be cyclic.
Function of RTS,S/AS01 Vaccine
- The primary function of the RTS,S/AS01 vaccine is to stimulate immune response against Plasmodium falciparum to reduce malaria infection in children.
Avoiding Use of Primaquine
- The main reason for avoiding primaquine use is the risk of hemolytic anemia in individuals with G6PD deficiency.
Mechanism of Action of Primaquine
- Primaquine works by targeting and clearing hypnozoites in the liver and also exerts activity against gametocytes in the blood.
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Description
Test your knowledge about the diagnosis and treatment of Leishmaniasis, including the Montenegro test, hypersensitivity reactions, and choice of medications based on Leishmania species and host factors.
