RECN 702 MIDTERM PRACTICE EXAM CHAPTERS 1,3,4,5,6

93 Questions

What does bracketing refer to in the context of counseling?

Separating a counselor's personal values from professional values

Why is it important for counselors to respect values different from their own?

To avoid imposing their values on clients

What is the role of ethics in counseling?

Providing guidelines for moral decision-making in counseling

How do counselors demonstrate competency in serving clients with conflicting values?

By seeking alternative means of providing ethical counseling

Why is it important for professional counselors to adhere to ethical standards?

To ensure consistency in ethical behavior across the profession

What is one of the objectives of the course mentioned in the text?

Recognizing the importance of professional orientation in counseling

Which of the following is NOT a core area of professional identity according to the text?

General public awareness

Why is it important for counselors to be able to explain what they believe?

To establish their professional identity

What do morals, values, and ethics have in common based on the text?

They are part of the professional development of counselors

How does CACREP contribute to counselor preparation according to the text?

By accrediting training programs for counselors

What is the main difference between morals and ethics?

Morals guide behavior, whereas ethics specifically guide actions in certain situations.

How do values differ from morals and ethics?

Values are influenced by cultural contexts, while morals are derived from personal beliefs.

In the context of relationships, how can morals be distinguished from values?

Morals define right and wrong conduct, while values determine what is personally important.

Which statement best captures the relationship between morals and personal values?

Personal values shape one's moral judgments about right and wrong behavior.

How do cultural contexts influence the determination of morals?

Cultural contexts shape the norms and customs that influence individuals' moral evaluations.

According to John Stuart Mill's view on ethics, how should people decide which act to choose?

By choosing the act that will do the greatest good for the greatest number

In deontological ethics, how are actions evaluated?

By their inherent rightness

What is a key focus of egoism in ethical perspectives?

Self-interest

How does altruism differ from egoism in terms of actions?

Altruism prioritizes client welfare

What is the primary motivator behind ethical behavior according to the provided text?

The welfare and protection of the client

Ethical absolutism posits that:

Absolute moral standards exist and are universally applicable

In the context of ethics, ethical relativism suggests that:

Moral rightness depends on cultural beliefs

Which of the following best describes the role of counseling in shaping ethical decision-making?

Counseling provides a framework to decide on the ethical nature of actions

What is the key characteristic of absolute moral standards according to the text?

Universality in application

How does the text define ethical reasoning as opposed to an inherent gift?

A skill honed through practice rather than a natural talent

Which of the following best describes the difference between laws and ethics?

Laws are created by elected officials, while ethics are created by the counseling profession.

What is the primary role of laws in society according to the text?

Setting basic principles for living together

How are ethical standards different from professional standards in counseling?

Ethical standards focus on what counselors should aspire to, while professional standards describe minimum tolerated behaviors.

What entity is responsible for interpreting and enforcing ethics in the counseling profession?

Ethics committees and licensure/certification boards

How do criminal laws differ from civil laws according to the text?

Criminal laws hold individuals accountable for violating coexistence principles, while civil laws allow enforcement between society members.

Which of the following best describes the relationship between professionalism and ethics in counseling?

Professionalism encompasses ethical standards, but ethical standards go beyond professionalism.

If a counselor consistently violates legal standards but adheres strictly to ethical standards, how would their behavior be described based on the text?

Unprofessional but not unethical

What distinguishes best practice guidelines from ethical standards in counseling?

Best practice guidelines are motivational goals, while ethical standards are minimal expectations.

In counseling, why is it insufficient for a counselor to only meet the minimum legal or ethical standards?

Because meeting these standards does not ensure professionalism.

What does the text suggest about the relationship between best practices and professionalism in counseling?

Professionalism is related to best practices as counselors should strive to practice in the best possible manner.

If a counselor establishes an intimate relationship with a client, how would this act be categorized?

Both unprofessional and unethical

When counselors practice bracketing, what is the main goal they are trying to achieve?

Separating personal values from professional values

What term is used in the text to describe the intentional setting aside of a counselor's personal values?

Bracketing

How should counselors handle clients with conflicting values if they are unable to bracket effectively?

Seek alternative means to serve the client ethically

What is the unique characteristic of a person's value system according to the text?

It is influenced by cultural differences

In the context of counseling ethics, what does it mean for counselors to 'bracket' their personal values?

Set aside personal values professionally

What is the main requirement for counselors who have conflicting values with clients, as per the text?

Find alternative ways to serve the client compassionately and ethically

What is the primary concern for counselors when dealing with clients whose values conflict with their own?

Effectively balance personal and professional values

How do personal values influence a counselor's professional conduct based on the text?

They guide decision-making and treatment of others

What should counselors prioritize when working with clients who hold conflicting values?

Ensuring compassionate, competent, and ethical service

What does 'bracketing' refer to in the context of counseling?

Setting aside personal values for professional counseling

How are personal values different from professional values according to the text?

Personal values guide individual choices, while professional values guide interactions with clients

What is the primary goal of counselors when they 'bracket' their personal values?

To provide ethical and appropriate counseling to all clients

How do personal values relate to professional conduct in counseling according to the text?

Personal values influence how counselors interact with clients

What distinguishes personal values from a value system as per the text?

Personal values guide behaviors, while a value system is unique to each person

What must counselors do if they cannot bracket their personal beliefs effectively?

Consider alternative means to serve clients ethically

How should counselors handle conflicting values with clients based on their own beliefs?

'Bracket' their personal beliefs for ethical counseling

What is the main challenge faced by counselors in respecting diverse client values?

Avoiding imposing their own values

How do morals differ from professional ethics according to the text?

Morals focus on individual behavior, while ethics guide interactions.

What is the primary focus of the Principle Ethics movement described in the text?

Established codes of ethics

In Cottone's classification of ethical intellectual movements, which movement emphasizes the character of the decision maker?

Virtue Ethics

What distinguishes Virtue Ethics from Principle Ethics as per Cottone's classification?

Character evaluation vs. ethical codes

According to Cottone's classification, what is the focus of Virtue Ethics movement?

Character of the decision maker

What do counselors need to apply to resolve ethical dilemmas according to the text?

Decision-making skills

According to Hare (1991), what two types of thinking are involved in ethical decision-making?

Absolute thinking and utilitarian thinking

Which work applied ethics of psychology and heavily drew on theories of moral development like Kohlberg's?

Rest (1984)

What did Hill et al. (1995) propose as a basis for ethical decision-making in their model?

Feminism

Which perspective did Betan (1997) propose for ethical decision-making?

Hermeneutic perspective

In the empirical study by Cottone, Tarvydas, and House (1994), what conclusion did their results support regarding ethical choice?

Ethical choice is primarily influenced by societal norms

What factor was identified as having a negative impact on decision-making under pressure?

Reliance on legal guidelines

Which of the following best describes the concept of 'willingness' in the context of ethical decision-making?

The readiness to act ethically despite personal factors

According to Tarvydas' Integrative Decision-Making Model of Ethical Behavior, which of the following is NOT a key component?

Prioritization of legal guidelines over ethical principles

In the context of ethical decision-making, what does 'bracketing' personal values refer to?

Temporarily setting aside personal values to focus on client needs

What is the primary concern for counselors when dealing with clients whose values conflict with their own?

Respecting the client's values and beliefs

What is the recommended approach when negotiation fails to resolve a disagreement about an ethical act?

Engage in interactive reflection and consider arbitration

How does the social constructivism model of ethical decision-making interface with multiculturalism, according to the text?

It recognizes the potential for conflicts between counselor and client values

What should counselors do when they cannot effectively bracket their personal values in working with clients who hold conflicting values?

Seek consultation and consider referring the client

Which of the following statements best describes the role of arbitration in the social constructivism process of ethical decision-making, as per the text?

Arbitration is a last resort when negotiation and consultation fail

How should counselors approach ethical decision-making when there is a conflict between their personal values and those of their clients?

Engage in a process of bracketing their personal values

What is the primary process involved in ethical decision-making from a social constructivist perspective?

Negotiating, consensualizing, and arbitrating

What does the term 'consensualizing' refer to in the context of ethical decision-making?

The process of acting in agreement and coordination on an issue

What is the role of 'arbitrating' in the ethical decision-making process?

Seeking the judgment of consensually accepted individuals who are approved arbiters

What does the text suggest about the location of ethical decision-making from a social constructivist perspective?

It is a process that occurs in the interaction between individuals

What is the primary characteristic of the social constructivist approach to ethical decision-making?

It is a process of negotiation, consensus-building, and arbitration

According to the Tarvydas Integrative Model, at which stage does the decision-making process extend beyond most other ethical models?

Stage 5: Evaluation of the blind spots and limitations in the decision-making process

Which of the following is NOT one of the underlying themes or attitudes necessary for the professional counselor in the Tarvydas Integrative Model?

Prioritizing the counselor's personal values over those of the client when they conflict

Which of the following best describes the role of bracketing in the context of the Tarvydas Integrative Model?

Bracketing refers to the process of suspending or setting aside the counselor's personal values and beliefs to avoid imposing them on the client.

Based on the information provided in the text, which of the following statements best describes the relationship between the Tarvydas Integrative Model and other ethical decision-making models?

The Tarvydas Integrative Model is an extension of other ethical decision-making models, incorporating additional stages and elements not covered in most models.

Which of the following statements best describes the role of contextual and relational forces in the Tarvydas Integrative Model?

Contextual and relational forces are considered essential elements that must be addressed in the ethical decision-making process.

What is one unique aspect of Cottone's Constructivism Model of Ethical Decision Making?

It is based on a relational view of human understanding

In applying social constructivism to ethical decision-making, what does the text suggest about decisions?

Decisions are taken out of the individual's head

How does the process in Cottone's Constructivism Model differ from other ethical decision-making models?

It is fully interactive and interpersonal

What is a key rationale for proposing the social constructivist model of ethical decision making?

To appeal to practitioners with a unique perspective

How does social constructivism view the relationship between language and understanding in decision-making?

Understanding is a reflection of shared community knowledge through language

What is a distinctive characteristic of how decisions are viewed in social constructivism?

Decisions reflect shared community knowledge

Why is social constructivism considered a unique perspective for framing ethical decisions?

It emphasizes the role of language and shared community knowledge

What does Cottone's Constructivism Model prioritize in ethical decision making?

"Interpersonal interactions"

"Bracketing" personal values in counseling ethics primarily aims to achieve what?

"Objective and impartial decision-making"

Study Notes

Ethical Decision Making

Ethical decision making is a value-laden, but rational, process that involves distinct cognitive-affective elements.
Cottone's (2012) classification of ethical intellectual movements includes:
- Principle Ethics: focuses on "What shall I do?" and is tied to established codes of ethics and decision-making practices.
- Virtue Ethics: recognizes that knowing "what to do" is not enough, and focuses on the character of the decision maker, asking "What shall I be?"

Ethical Decision-Making Models

Theoretically or philosophically based models:
- Hare's (1991) model: involves absolute thinking and utilitarian thinking.
- Rest's (1984) model: applies ethics of psychology and draws on theories of moral development.
- Gutheil et al.'s (1991) model: accounts for uncertainty (probability) in decision making.
- Hill et al.'s (1995) model: based on a theory of feminism.
- Betan's (1997) model: proposes a hermeneutic perspective of ethical decision making.
- Cottone's (2001, 2004) model: based on social constructivism.
Practice-based models:
- Tarvydas' Integrative Decision-Making Model of Ethical Behavior: incorporates principles and virtue aspects, and introduces relational (contextual) considerations.

This model is based on the idea that decisions are made in the interaction between individuals, and that understanding is a reflection of a "community of understanding".
The process involves negotiating, consensualizing, and arbitrating, and is fully interactive (interpersonal) rather than psychological (internal to the individual).
The model is based on the works of Maturana (1978) and has been applied to ethical decision making in various contexts.

Professional Ethics

Professional ethics refers to the conduct judged as good or right for counselors as a professional group.
Ethical standards are created by members of the counseling profession and are interpreted and enforced by ethics committees and licensure and certification boards.
Ethics committees and licensure and certification boards dictate the minimum standards of behavior that other counselors will tolerate from fellow professionals.

Morals, Values, and Ethics

Morals are the "big picture" principles that guide behavior, and are derived from cultural contexts and religious standards.
Values are personal and guide behavior, and are influenced by upbringing, culture, and religious beliefs.
Ethics are the standards that guide behavior in specific circumstances, and are based on moral principles.

Theories of Ethics

Utilitarianism: argues that people should choose the act that will do the greatest good for the greatest number.
Deontology: argues that an action is justified by its being inherently right, not by its consequences.
Egoism: actions taken out of self-interest.
Altruism: actions taken out to benefit others.

Legal, Ethical, and Professional Behavior

Laws are created by elected officials, enforced by police, and interpreted by judges, and dictate the minimum standards of behavior that society will tolerate.
Ethics are created by members of the counseling profession and are interpreted and enforced by ethics committees and licensure and certification boards.
Professionalism is related to best practices, and involves conducting oneself in a professional manner, going beyond minimum legal and ethical standards.### Challenges with Values
Counselors must respect values different from their own and avoid imposing their values on clients.
Implicit bias can influence counseling, especially in sensitive topics such as:
- Abortion vs. life
- Marriage vs. divorce
- Heteronormality vs. diverse sexuality

Ethics and Moral Decision Making

Ethics is a discipline within philosophy concerned with human conduct and moral decision making.
An individual's ethical stance guides their behavior, expectations, and decision-making about what is good or right.

Bracketing and Counselor Values

Bracketing is the intentional separation of a counselor's personal values from their professional values.
This allows counselors to provide ethical and appropriate counseling to all clients, regardless of conflicting values.
Counselors can maintain their own values and beliefs while still serving clients with differing values.
If bracketing is not possible, alternative means must be considered to ensure the client is compassionately, competently, and ethically served.

Personal and Professional Values

Values are similar to morals and determine what is good or right behavior.
Personal values guide choices and behaviors and are unique to each individual, influenced by upbringing, culture, and religious beliefs.
Personal values relate to professional values, and counselors must navigate these relationships to provide effective counseling.

Learn about the laws, ethics, and professional conduct that govern societal behavior. Understand the differences between criminal and civil laws and how they are enforced by the government. Explore the basic principles and rules of living together as a group.

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