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Questions and Answers

What prevents backflow of blood in the veins of the lower limb?

  • Valves in limb veins (correct)
  • Gravity and vein elasticity
  • Muscle contraction only
  • High pressure in the veins

    • Which nerve is responsible for ankle eversion?

  • Peroneal nerve
  • Deep fibular nerve
  • Superficial fibular nerve (correct)
  • Tibial nerve

    • What is a common consequence of muscle contraction in the leg?

  • Decreased blood flow to the heart
  • Assistance in blood flow against gravity (correct)
  • Increased venous pressure
  • Dilation of superficial veins

    • Which condition is characterized by swelling of veins?

    <p>Varicose veins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following movements is primarily associated with the tibialis anterior muscle?

    <p>Inversion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the interosseous membrane between the tibia and fibula?

    <p>It provides surface for muscle attachment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bone is not considered a tarsal bone?

    <p>Fibula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which compartment of the leg does the Tibialis Anterior muscle primarily reside?

    <p>Anterior compartment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the anatomical significance of the fibrous joint at the distal ends of the tibia and fibula?

    <p>It provides stability and limits movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the leg compartments is true?

    <p>Intermuscular septa separate the various leg compartments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which joints are primarily involved in ankle motion?

    <p>Talocrural joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the crural fascia over the anterior tibia do?

    <p>It fuses with the periosteum of the tibia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true regarding the anatomy of the anterior leg?

    <p>The tibia is subcutaneous and often referred to as the 'shin'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the distal attachment of the muscle that crosses the plantar foot?

    <p>Base of the 1st metatarsal and medial cuneiform bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following muscles primarily facilitates plantarflexion at the ankle?

    <p>Soleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of the gastrocnemius muscle?

    <p>Medial and lateral femoral condyles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action does the gastrocnemius muscle perform at the knee?

    <p>Flexion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve innervates the gastrocnemius muscle?

    <p>Tibial nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What bursa lies between the calcaneus and the tendo-Achilles?

    <p>Tendocalcaneal bursa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the distal attachment of the plantaris muscle?

    <p>Posterior calcaneus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is NOT part of the superficial group of posterior leg muscles?

    <p>Tibialis posterior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the sural nerve at the ankle?

    <p>Innervates the lateral side of the foot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle does the common fibular nerve wrap around at the head of the fibula?

    <p>Biceps femoris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which branches does the common fibular nerve split into?

    <p>Deep and superficial branches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the superficial fibular nerve?

    <p>Innervates both fibularis muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the deep fibular nerve primarily travel?

    <p>Deep between the tibialis anterior and fibularis longus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure does the deep fibular nerve accompany as it passes into the foot?

    <p>Anterior tibial artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which arteries branch off from the popliteal artery?

    <p>Anterior, posterior tibial, and fibular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What area does the deep fibular nerve innervate?

    <p>All anterior compartment muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action associated with the flexor digitorum longus muscle?

    <p>Flexion of the small toes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is the distal attachment for the tibialis posterior?

    <p>Medial cuneiform</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve passes deep to the flexor retinaculum at the ankle?

    <p>Tibial nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What forms the tarsal tunnel in the ankle?

    <p>Flexor retinaculum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the action of the flexor hallucis longus muscle?

    <p>Flexion of the distal phalanx of the great toe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the tibial nerve travel in relation to the muscle groups in the posterior leg?

    <p>Between the superficial and deep posterior muscle groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve communicates with the medial sural cutaneous branch to form the sural nerve?

    <p>Common fibular nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is not a structure affected by the tendons of the deep posterior leg muscles?

    <p>Lateral cuneiform</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle in the leg is primarily responsible for dorsiflexion of the foot?

    <p>Tibialis Anterior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve provides innervation to the muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg?

    <p>Deep Fibular Nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During knee flexion, which action is primarily facilitated by the sartorius and other leg muscles?

    <p>Lateral rotation of the tibia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is responsible for flexing the knee while also assisting in ankle plantarflexion?

    <p>Gastrocnemius</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What movement occurs at the ankle joint primarily during the action of standing on tiptoes?

    <p>Plantarflexion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action associated with the extensor hallucis longus muscle?

    <p>Dorsiflexion and extension of the great toe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle attaches to the tuberosity of the base of the 5th metatarsal bone?

    <p>Fibularis brevis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle provides primary stabilization of the ankle joint during walking, by preventing excessive supination?

    <p>Tibialis Posterior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the flexor digitorum longus muscle in the leg?

    <p>Flexion of the toes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve innervates the muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg?

    <p>Deep fibular nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of the tibialis anterior muscle?

    <p>Interosseous membrane and anterior tibia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What movement pattern is primarily facilitated by the extensor digitorum longus muscle?

    <p>Dorsiflexion and eversion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is involved in both plantarflexion and eversion of the foot?

    <p>Fibularis longus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure has a distal attachment to the dorsal digital expansions of the lateral 4 toes?

    <p>Extensor digitorum longus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle primarily facilitates ankle inversion?

    <p>Tibialis posterior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of the deep fibular nerve?

    <p>Dorsiflexion of the ankle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve is responsible for innervating the muscles responsible for ankle dorsiflexion?

    <p>Deep fibular nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action is primarily limited when the superficial fibular nerve is injured?

    <p>Ankle eversion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is primarily responsible for knee flexion and ankle plantarflexion?

    <p>Soleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure separates the anterior and posterior compartments of the leg and is crucial for muscle function?

    <p>Interosseous membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary muscle for producing foot eversion?

    <p>Peroneus longus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During a heel raise, which joint primarily undergoes plantarflexion?

    <p>Ankle joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following nerves innervates the muscle responsible for foot inversion?

    <p>Tibial nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is primarily involved in both knee flexion and foot plantarflexion?

    <p>Plantaris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What specific action does the popliteus muscle perform when the foot is on the ground and the knee joint is in full extension?

    <p>Unlocks the knee joint through medial rotation of the femur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is primarily responsible for unlocking the knee joint during flexion from a fully extended position?

    <p>Popliteus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the innervation of the deep posterior leg muscles?

    <p>Tibial nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During weight bearing in a fully extended knee, which rotational movement occurs if the femur is unable to move further?

    <p>Medial rotation of the femur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the anatomical position of the popliteus muscle?

    <p>Inserts at the posterior aspect of the tibia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What function does the tibialis posterior muscle primarily serve in relation to the ankle joint?

    <p>Plantarflexion and inversion of the foot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the flexor digitorum longus differ in its primary function compared to the flexor hallucis longus?

    <p>Primarily flexes the lesser toes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the movement of unlocking the knee joint, which direction does the tibia rotate if the foot is off the ground?

    <p>Medially rotates on the femur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the interosseous membrane play between the tibia and fibula?

    <p>Provides stability and muscle attachment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the flexor hallucis longus muscle?

    <p>Plantarflexion of the ankle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of the gastrocnemius muscle?

    <p>Plantarflexion and slight knee flexion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle has a proximal attachment at the posterior calcaneus?

    <p>Soleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve innervates the soleus muscle?

    <p>Tibial nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the plantaris muscle attach distally?

    <p>Posterior calcaneus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What movement is primarily produced by the contraction of the soleus muscle?

    <p>Plantarflexion of the ankle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the combined action of the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles during flexion at the knee?

    <p>Plantarflexion with knee flexion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure lies between the calcaneus and the tendo-Achilles?

    <p>Tendocalcaneal bursa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which function is associated with the medial and lateral heads of the gastrocnemius?

    <p>Knee flexion and plantarflexion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What anatomical feature assists in stabilizing movements at the ankle during plantarflexion?

    <p>Retinacula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of muscles in the posterior leg is primarily responsible for both ankle plantarflexion and knee flexion?

    <p>Superficial group including gastrocnemius</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Notice and Agreement

    • The lecture session is being recorded.
    • Recordings are for exclusive student use at LMU DeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine.
    • Student access is conditional on agreeing to the terms and conditions.
    • Students who do not agree cannot access or use the recordings.
    • Students using recordings acknowledge faculty intellectual property rights.
    • Distribution of recordings violates DCOM copyright policy.
    • Recordings respect privacy rights of fellow students.
    • Sharing recordings with unauthorized parties is an Honor Code violation.
    • Recordings can only be used as directed by the faculty member.
    • Course name, lecture number, and title are to be used exactly as listed on LMU-DCOM website.

    Learning Objectives - Leg

    • Describe the location of cutaneous nerves and veins in the leg.
    • Identify key bony landmarks in the leg and ankle.
    • Identify leg muscles, their attachments, nerve supply, and actions.
    • Describe the organization of the leg's muscular compartments, their common function, and nerve/arterial supply.

    Tibia and Fibula - Cross Section

    • Interosseous membrane holds tibia and fibula together.
    • Provides surface for muscle attachments.
    • Separates anterior from posterior compartments.

    Tibia and Fibula - Distal

    • Tibiofibular syndesmosis (fibrous joint) connects tibia and fibula.
    • Lateral and medial malleoli form the ankle mortise.
    • Malleolar groove accommodates tibialis posterior tendon.

    Foot Bones Regions

    • Tarsal bones (calcaneus, talus, navicular, cuboid, medial cuneiform, intermediate cuneiform, lateral cuneiform).
    • Metatarsals.
    • Phalanges.
    • Regions for anatomical and clinical considerations.

    Foot Bones

    • Multiple images of foot bones, showing details of individual bones.
    • Identifying anatomical landmarks/features on multiple views of foot bones.
    • Includes information on the foot regions (forefoot, midfoot, hindfoot) to understand the structural relationship.

    Leg Compartments

    • Anterior, lateral, deep posterior, and superficial posterior compartments are identified.
    • Includes descriptions of intermuscular septa and crura fascia.
    • Relationships between bony landmarks and muscle compartments.
    • Relationships of nerves and blood vessels passing through various compartments.

    Ankle Motions

    • Dorsiflexion and plantarflexion occur at the talocrural joints.
    • Inversion and eversion occur at the subtalar and talocalcaneonavicular joints.

    Anterior Leg

    • Tibia is positioned medially within the anterior compartment.
    • Lateral to the tibial shaft, and is subcutaneous ("shin").

    Anterior Leg - Proximal Attachments

    • Anterior tibia and fibula, and the interosseous membrane.
    • Diagrams/Images illustrating the proximal attachments within the anterior compartment.

    Anterior Leg - Distal Attachments/Actions

    • Tibialis anterior, Extensor hallucis longus, Extensor digitorum longus, and Fibularis tertius muscles and distal attachments, and actions.

    Lateral Leg

    • Fibularis longus and brevis muscles, and location of superficial fibular nerve.
    • Distal attachment sites and functions (plantarflexion and eversion) are detailed.

    Fibularis Longus m - Distal Attachment

    • Passes under cuboid bone in groove, attaches to base of 1st metatarsal, and medial cuneiform.
    • Action - plantarflexion and eversion.

    Retinacula at the Ankle

    • Superior and inferior extensor retinacula, and superior and inferior fibular retinacula.
    • Detailed description/diagram of the retinacula.
    • Relationships between tendons, ligaments, and retinacula.

    Posterior Leg mm: Superficial Group

    • Includes gastrocnemius, soleus, and plantaris.
    • Description and attachments of each muscle.
    • Relationships between the muscles, tendons and Achilles tendon.
    • Tibial nerve's function relating to the muscles, tendons and nerves in superficial group.

    Gastrocnemius m.

    • Origin (medial and lateral heads of femur).
    • Insertion (posterior calcaneus –via Achilles tendon), and functional action (plantarflex)
    • Relations to other posterior leg muscles.

    Plantaris M.

    • Plantaris muscle proximal attachments are described.
    • Same origin and insertion as the lateral head of gastrocnemius.

    Plantaris M: Soleus M - Attachments and function

    • Origins of plantaris and soleus and insertions/functions including plantar flexion.

    Tendocalcaneal bursa

    • Lies between calcaneus and tendo-Achilles.

    Deep Posterior Leg mm.

    • Popliteus and muscles of the deep posterior compartment
    • Details of their insertion, functional action, and relations to other muscles.
    • Tibial nerve's role for each muscle.

    Deep Posterior Leg mm: Distal Attachments/Actions

    • Tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, and flexor hallucis longus, distal attachments and functional actions.

    Tibial Nerve

    • Course through the posterior leg, passing deep to flexor retinaculum.
    • Relationship with superficial and deep muscles of the posterior compartment.

    Sural Nerve

    • Formation (joining of medial sural cutaneous nerves and common fibular nerves)
    • Course through the posterior leg
    • Innervates the lateral side of the ankle and foot.

    Common Fibular n.

    • Course along the distal tendon of the biceps femoris m., and around the head of the fibula.
    • Nerve splits into superficial and deep branches.

    Superficial Fibular n.

    • Travels in the lateral compartment.
    • Innervates the structures in the lateral compartment (muscles).
    • Passes to the dorsum of the foot.

    Posterior Tibial A.

    • Travels between superficial and deep posterior compartments.
    • Medial to the ankle, passing under flexor retinaculum.

    Fibular A.

    • Travels on the lateral aspect of the posterior compartment.
    • Passes deep to flexor hallucis longus.

    Anterior Tibial Artery

    • Enters the anterior compartment after the popliteal artery splits.
    • Travels deep to the extensor retinaculum.
    • Branches into the dorsalis pedis artery.

    Compartment Comparison

    • Summarizes the arteries, nerves, and movement associated with anterior, posterior and lateral leg compartments.

    Popliteal Region: Neurovascular

    • Provides information about the popliteal region, and the posterior aspect of the leg, including nerves and vessels, and their courses.

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