Lecture 8: Hypoxia & Metabolism Case Studies

<p>It is continuously translated, but is not marked for degradation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Constriction of blood vessels to non-essential organs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By increasing the number of red blood cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is where HIF-1 binds to initiate gene expression (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It serves as a necessary substrate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>30% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased intracellular sodium (Na+) levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adjusting anaerobic ATP production (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>lactate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Goldfish (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased efficiency of energy production (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By utilizing alternative electron acceptors like succinate or proprionate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By producing ethanol and carbon dioxide, which are buffers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ability of different organisms to tolerate low oxygen conditions.

The process of maintaining a proper balance of energy production and consumption in the presence of limited oxygen.

A change in the amount of oxygen-carrying pigments, like hemoglobin, in response to environmental conditions.

A rapid increase in oxygen-carrying pigments in response to a sudden change in oxygen levels.

The maximum duration an animal can hold its breath while maintaining its resting metabolic rate.

A cellular protein that acts as an oxygen sensor, regulating various cellular processes in response to low oxygen levels.

A DNA sequence that binds to HIF-1, enabling the regulation of genes important for adaptation to low oxygen conditions.

The process of adjusting the number of red blood cells, hemoglobin content, or hematocrit in response to changing oxygen levels.

The mean cell volume (MCV) is a measure of the average size of red blood cells in a sample of blood. It is important in diagnosing various blood disorders.

Mean cell hemoglobin (MCH) is a measure of the average amount of hemoglobin present in red blood cells. It is also important in diagnosing blood disorders.

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) is a measure of the average concentration of hemoglobin in red blood cells. It is used to diagnose several blood disorders.

The Na+/K+ ATPase is a crucial enzyme that pumps sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell. This process requires a significant amount of oxygen, making it a major contributor to cellular oxygen consumption.

Anaerobic ATP production is an alternative method of producing energy when oxygen is limited. It involves the breakdown of glucose to lactate. However, it is less efficient and produces acidic byproducts.

Species vary in their ability to tolerate low oxygen conditions (hypoxia). Some organisms have adapted to survive extended periods of hypoxia by utilizing various strategies.

Fermentation of pyruvate to ethanol is another strategy to avoid acidification during hypoxia. This process produces ethanol and CO2, which are excreted to maintain pH balance.

The efficiency of anaerobic glycolysis can be increased by different pathways, such as oxidation to succinate or proprionate. This can lead to a higher ATP yield per glucose molecule.